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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two different doses of cefaclor advanced formulation (AF), a new sustained-release formulation of cefaclor, were compared with the regular formulation of cefaclor for efficacy and safety in the treatment of uncomplicated cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria. A 7-day course of treatment was used, and the trials were double-dummy and double-blind. In one trial, cefaclor AF 500 mg once daily (at night) was compared with cefaclor 250 mg three times a day. Satisfactory clinical and bacteriological responses were found in 179/189 (94.7%) and 160/191 (83.8%) patients, respectively, given cefaclor AF and in 82/87 (94.3%) and 74/90 (82.2%) patients given cefaclor, 5-9 days after the end of treatment. In the other trial, cefaclor AF 375 mg twice daily was compared with cefaclor 250 mg three times a day. Satisfactory clinical and bacteriological responses were obtained in 164/180 (91.1%) and 156/184 (84.8%) patients, respectively, given cefaclor AF, and in 86/92 (93.5%) and 81/93 (87.1%) patients taking cefaclor, 5-9 days after the end of treatment. Very similar results were found in both studies in those patients who were assessable 3-5 weeks later. Only 4.3% and 2.4% of patients treated with cefaclor AF (375 mg and 500 mg, respectively) and 2.2% of cefaclor patients discontinued therapy due to adverse events. The three most commonly reported events were vaginal moniliasis or vaginitis (8.6%), headache (5.0%) and nausea (4.8%). No significant differences were found between clinical efficacy and safety parameters in the different study groups, and it was concluded that cefaclor AF in a twice-daily or once-daily dosage is as effective and as safe as the currently recommened three-times-a-day dosage of cefaclor.
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PMID:Comparative trials of cefaclor AF in uncomplicated cystitis and asymptomatic bacteriuria. 128 20

The chemistry, mechanism of action, antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, safety, drug interactions, and dosage and administration of lomefloxacin and temafloxacin, two new antimicrobials, are presented. Lomefloxacin and temafloxacin exhibit activity comparable to that of ciprofloxacin against the Enterobacteriaceae. Lomefloxacin has only modest activity against common gram-positive organisms. Temafloxacin exhibits increased activity against the streptococci and moderate activity against many anaerobes, as compared with ciprofloxacin. Lomefloxacin and temafloxacin have only moderate antipseudomonal activity. Their elimination half-lives are 6-10 hours and they have good oral absorption, excellent penetration into many tissues and fluids, and a better drug-interaction profile than other similar agents. Lomefloxacin has demonstrated comparable efficacy to other therapies in the treatment of lower respiratory-tract infections and urinary-tract infections (UTIs) and for prophylaxis before surgical procedures in the urinary tract. Temafloxacin has been shown to be effective in the treatment of lower respiratory-tract infections, infections of the skin and associated structures, uncomplicated and complicated UTIs, bacterial prostatitis, and gonococcal and non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis. The most frequent adverse effects with lomefloxacin are gastrointestinal upset and headache; with temafloxacin, gastrointestinal complaints. Lomefloxacin's dosage is 400 mg p.o. daily for 10 days for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations in chronic bronchitis or simple cystitis and for 14 days for treatment of complicated UTIs. Lomefloxacin is a new oral fluoroquinolone that is indicated for the treatment of various bacterial infections. Temafloxacin, another new fluoroquinolone, appeared to have some favourable characteristics but was withdrawn from the market.
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PMID:Lomefloxacin and temafloxacin: two new fluoroquinolone antimicrobials. 132 92

The correlates of back pain were analyzed by logistic regression in 2 groups of middle-aged Dutch women, 236 with recurrent back pain at the beginning of the study and 241 without; and followed, in the same subjects 9 years later. Subjects were selected from a population survey of rheumatic and cardiovascular diseases in Zoetermeer, the Hague, Holland, in 1975-1978. Initially they took a questionnaire, and had their height, weight, blood pressure, spinal movement and body mass recorded. In the follow up in 1985-1986 a questionnaire, lumbar spine radiographs, height and weight were taken. Initially a higher proportion of women with back pain had taken oral contraceptives, smoked, had cystitis, had frequent headaches currently, and other joint pain. Those with back pain and more limited spinal movement, less ability to do household tasks, 5.5% had changed jobs as a result of back pain, 54% had pain 3 months, and 46% had resorted to bed rest. At the follow up, those with back pain were more likely to use estrogens. 72% of those who initially had back pain still had it, compared to 24% of the initially pain-free now having back pain(relative risk 2.99). Continuing back pain was correlated only with pain in hip or knee, on univariate analysis and stepwise logistic regression. This is the 1st report of an association between use of oral contraceptives and recurrent back pain.
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PMID:A longitudinal study of back pain and radiological changes in the lumbar spines of middle aged women. I. Clinical findings. 183 30

A-16-year old boy was admitted with fever, headache, dysuria, and brown-colored urine. The patient presented with hemorrhagic cystitis and bronchopneumonia. Infection with adenovirus was confirmed by detection of viral DNA in the patient's urine by the hybridisation technique.
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PMID:[Adenovirus infection with hemorrhagic cystitis and pneumonia. Pathogen confirmation in urine by genome hybridization]. 216 27

The clinical effectiveness of a new synthetic pyridoncarboxylic acid derivative, norfloxacin (NFLX: Baccidal) was studied in the urological field. NFLX was given clinically to 50 patients with urogenital tract infections; 40 cases were acute simple cystitis and 10 cases were complicated UTI satisfied the criteria of the UTI committee. Thirty two bacterial strains were isolated from the group of acute simple cystitis and 10 bacterial strains were isolated from the group of complicated UTI. Susceptibility of NFLX by the method of distribution and disk sensitivity was 97% in the former group and 89% in the latter group. The overall clinical efficacy rate estimated by the criteria of the UTI committee in 32 cases with acute simple cystitis was 97% and in 10 cases with complicated UTI was 60%. The incidence of side effect was 8.0% (4/50). All of these side effects which were nausea, abdominal fullness and headache may be attributable to the administration of NFLX. No abnormal laboratory findings were observed except for elevation in GOT and GPT values in 1 case (4.0%), which returned to normal after NFLX treatment. Therefore NFLX is suggested to be a clinically useful and safe drug in the treatment of UTI.
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PMID:[Clinical experience of norfloxacin (Baccidal) in the urological field]. 408 23

Cefmenoxime was evaluated in an open trial consisting of 41 patients. Forty infections in 36 patients could be evaluated. Thirteen patients had pyelonephritis due to Escherichia coli (two bacteremic), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, or Streptococcus faecalis; all improved and 12 of 13 were clinically cured, but one relapse (S. faecalis) occurred at two weeks. Six patients with cystitis due to E. coli, Citrobacter freundii, Serratia marcescens, P. aeruginosa, or S. faecalis all improved, but relapse or reinfection, or both, occurred in five due to P. aeruginosa, S. faecalis, C. fruendii, or E. coli. Neurogenic bladder or other complications were present in five of 13 patients with pyelonephritis and five of six with cystitis. Ten patients with pneumonia and one with tracheobronchitis due to Hemophilus influenzae, S. pneumoniae, S. agalactiae, or Neisseria meningitidis all improved and seven had resolution without relapse, but P. aeruginosa emerged in two patients, one of whom died. Eight soft tissue infections due to Staphylococcus aureus, Peptococcus prevotti, Streptococcus species, or infections of mixed origin resolved in six. Sterility of blood cultures was obtained in one patient with endocarditis due to S. anginosus, but other therapy was substituted. Clinical resolution of the toxic shock syndrome and subsequent negative endocervical cultures for S. aureus occurred in one. Granulocytopenia of unverified cause in four (with less than 1,500 mm3) and two (with less than 2,000 mm3) was reversible. Headache during treatment occurred in six patients and a possible disulfiram-like effect in three. Elevations of serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase and alkaline phosphatase occurred in five, Coombs' positivity in two, and diarrhea in three. Clinical efficacy of cefmenoxime was significant. Possible side effects require further study.
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PMID:Cefmenoxime: clinical evaluation. 609 26

Cinoxacin, a chemotherapeutic agent that inhibits bacterial DNA synthesis, has recently been approved for the treatment of initial and recurrent bacterial urinary tract infections. Although closely related to nalidixic acid, cinoxacin possesses some distinct characteristics: rapid attainment of therapeutic urinary concentrations and greater activity against strains of Enterobacteriaceae that cause urinary tract infections. Biopharmaceutical properties include serum protein binding of approximately 70%, 50-60% excretion of intact drug in the urine of patients with normal renal function, and an elimination half-life of approximately one hour. The elimination half-life is increased in patients with decreased renal function and when probenecid is coadministered. Adverse events occur infrequently and consist of nausea, vomiting, headache, dizziness, and hypersensitivity reactions. The drug compares favorably with standard therapies for the treatment of bacterial cystitis and recurrent urinary tract infections. Initial studies demonstrate that cinoxacin has substantial efficacy as a prophylactic agent for those women who experience recurrent, symptomatic urinary tract infections.
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PMID:Cinoxacin: mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions, and therapeutic indications. 676 8

Sixty patients with rheumatoid arthritis who were administered weekly low dose methotrexate (MTX) were retrospectively analyzed for their untoward effects of MTX by interviewing to the patients and by the medical records. Cough and sputa were the most frequent symptoms (23.3%) and gastrointestinal symptoms were the next (20%). Five of 60 patients (8.2%) showed liver function test abnormalities, and four (6.7%) exhibited transient exacerbation of arthralgia for several hours to a few days after MTX administration. Three patients (5%) suffered from interstitial pneumonitis. Hair loss was seen in 3 patients (5%), and headache, leucocytepenia, fever, skin eruption, abnormal taste, hemorrhagic cystitis, and flashing were experienced in a patient, respectively. Three (5%) suffered from fungal infection, and herpes zoster, sepsis, and osteomyelitis were experienced in each one patient, respectively. MTX was withdrawn in three patients (5%) because of cough and sputa the drug was withdrawn in other three patients because of the interstitial pneumonia, and was drawn in another three patients because of transient exacerbation of arthralgia. The drug was withdrawn in each one patient, because of nausea and vomiting, skin eruption, osteomyelitis, and sepsis, respectively. Overall, MTX were withdrawn in 21 patients (35%), and, of those, 13 patients (21.7%) because of untoward effects and 8 patients (13.3%) because of the lack of efficacy.
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PMID:[Untoward effects of low dose methotrexate therapy in rheumatoid arthritis]. 877 88

Fifteen allogeneic BMT patients in a phase II study were given foscarnet 60 mg/kg twice daily for 14 days as pre-emptive therapy against CMV disease. CMV infection was diagnosed by a leukocyte-based nested PCR. All 15 patients were evaluable for toxicity. One patient did not fulfill the inclusion criteria of two consecutively positive CMV PCR tests and therefore was not evaluable for efficacy. Thus, 14 of 15 patients were evaluable for development of CMV disease. None of the patients developed CMV disease and all 14 assessable patients had a negative CMV isolation at the end of therapy. None of the 15 patients had to discontinue therapy due to toxicity. Six patients reported mild gastrointestinal disturbances, three patients headaches, and three patients mild urethritis or hemorrhagic cystitis. Serum-electrolyte disturbances were common including abnormal magnesium, potassium and calcium levels. Two patients developed mild serum-creatinine increases requiring adjustment of the foscarnet dosage according to protocol. We conclude that a dosage of foscarnet of 60 mg/kg given twice daily seems to be safe and effective in preventing CMV disease in allogeneic BMT recipients. A study comparing foscarnet and ganciclovir is indicated.
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PMID:Foscarnet for pre-emptive therapy of CMV infection detected by a leukocyte-based nested PCR in allogeneic bone marrow transplant patients. 887 18

Visceral disorders are always accompanied by pain and/or a sense of ill-being that entails people to isolate themselves both physically and socially. By analogy with what happens in human beings, we have transferred to the rat the question of whether a protective, dark and quiet environment would influence the brain activities induced by visceral chemically-induced (cyclophosphamide [CP], 100 mg/kg/ip) adverse conditions of life. CP is an antitumoral drug that induces severe side effects (cystitis, headache, nausea, photophobia, phonophobia) and produces a strong state of ill-being in human beings. Brain activities were quantified using the expression of the Fos protein, a molecular marker of neuronal activity. The results compare data from groups of paired animals having been offered a shelter or not. Data were collected 4 h after the injection of CP, i. e., when cystitis was fully developed. Sheltered and unsheltered groups did not differ in bladder pathology. Intentional sheltering was shown to attenuate the expression of the CP-related Fos-Li activity within the locus coeruleus (LC) without affecting that of the structures known preferentially to process nociceptive inputs of bladder origin (dorsal vagal complex, ventrocaudal bulbar reticular formation, nucleus centralis of amygdala, dorsolateral portion of bed nucleus of stria terminalis). The LC levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and galanin neuronal contents were not affected. The LC belongs to the emotional activation system and can respond to a wide range of somatosensory and viscerosensory stimuli. Our hypothesis is that the LC would be processing the nervous activities that accompany the sense of ill-being coming from adverse conditions of life, including visceral disorders, and that voluntary isolation, by reducing its activity, would enable animals to minimize their level of distress.
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PMID:Environmental influences on viscero(noci)ceptive brain activities: the effects of sheltering. 1097 98


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