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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
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During 1973 and 1974, we looked for cases of Colorado tick fever throughout Colorado; 228 cases were identified. Although 90% of the patients reported exposure to ticks before illness, only 52% were aware of an actual tick bite. Typical symptoms of fever, myalgia, and headache were common, but gastrointestinal symptoms were also prominent in 20% of the patients. Twenty percent were hospitalized; no deaths or permanent sequelae were noted. Persistent viremia (greater than or equal to 4 weeks) was found in about half of the cases; this finding was not associated with the occurrence of prolonged symptoms (greater than or equal to 3 weeks), which were also reported in half of the cases. One patient became reinfected with the virus. Increasing tourism in endemic areas and the frequent occurrence of prolonged or biphasic illnesses provide the potential for patients with Colorado tick fever to seek medical care anywhere in the United States.
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PMID:Colorado tick fever: clinical, epidemiologic, and laboratory aspects of 228 cases in Colorado in 1973-1974. 20 40

Hantaviruses, the causative agents of HFRS, have become more widely recognized. Epidemiologic evidence indicates that these pathogens are distributed worldwide. People who come into close contact with infected rodents in urban, rural and laboratory environments are at particular risk. Transmission to man occurs mainly via the respiratory tract. The epidemiology of the hantaviruses is intimately linked to the ecology of their principal vertebrate hosts. Four distinct viruses are now recognized within the hantavirus genus and that number is likely to increase to six very soon; however, further investigations are necessary. Much more work is still needed before we fully understand the wide spectrum of clinical signs and symptoms of HFRS as well as the pathogenicity of the different viruses in the hantavirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family. HFRS is difficult to diagnose on clinical grounds alone and serological evidence is often needed. A fourfold rise in IgG antibody titer in a 1-week interval, and the presence of the IgM type of antibodies against hantaviruses are good evidence for an acute hantavirus infection. Physicians should be alert for HFRS each time they deal with patients with acute febrile flu-like illness, renal failure of unknown origin and sometimes hepatic dysfunction. Especially the mild form of HFRS is difficult to diagnose. Acute onset, headache, fever, increased serum creatinine, proteinuria and polyuria are signs and symptoms compatible with a mild form of HFRS. Differential diagnosis should be considered for the following diseases in the endemic areas of HFRS: acute renal failure, hemorrhagic scarlet fever, acute abdomen, leptospirosis, scrub typhus, murine typhus, spotted fevers, non-A, non-B hepatitis, Colorado tick fever, septicemia, dengue, heartstroke and DIC. Treatment of HFRS is mainly supportive. Recently, however, treatment of HFRS patients with ribavirin in China and Korea, within 7 days after onset of fever, resulted in a reduced mortality as well as shortened course of illness.
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PMID:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome. 257 14

Colorado tick fever, also known as mountain fever and mountain tick fever, is a well-described, viral, tick-borne disease common to the Rocky Mountain region of the United States and Canada. The Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, is the primary vector. The triad of high fever, severe myalgia, and headache is typical, but not specific. Although a self-limited disease in most cases, severe complications may occur. PCR techniques have been developed that allow the diagnosis to be established from the first day of symptoms. Ribavirin may merit consideration in the appropriate clinical setting.
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PMID:Colorado tick fever. 1198 11

Colorado tick fever (CTF) is a biphasic, febrile illness caused by a Coltivirus and transmitted by the Rocky Mountain wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, in the western United States and Canada. Symptoms generally include acute onset of fever, headache, chills, and myalgias; illness often lasts for 3 weeks or more. Laboratory-confirmed cases of CTF were identified from public health department records in Montana, Utah, and Wyoming, and from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention diagnostic laboratory records. Additional descriptive epidemiologic data were obtained by medical record abstraction. Ninety-one cases were identified from 1995 to 2003, resulting in an overall annual incidence of 2.7 per 1,000,000 population. The annual incidence decreased over the 9-year study period. Cases were 2.5 times more frequent in males than females. The highest incidence of cases occurred in persons aged 51-70. Tick exposure prior to illness onset was reported in 90% of the cases in which a more detailed history was available. The most common symptoms were fever, headache, and myalgia; 18% of the case patients were hospitalized. While there has been an overall decline in the recognized incidence of CTF cases, the reasons for the decline are unknown. Possibilities include a reduced intensity of surveillance and a true decrease in incidence. As more people continue to visit, move to and work in endemic areas, CTF should be considered in anyone presenting with a febrile illness following tick exposure in an endemic area. Heightened awareness for the disease and tick prevention messages should be part of public health measures to further decrease the incidence of disease.
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PMID:Epidemiology of Colorado tick fever in Montana, Utah, and Wyoming, 1995-2003. 1972 67

Arthropod-borne diseases are a major problem whenever outdoor activities bring arthropods and people into contact. The arthropods discussed here include arachnids (ticks) and insects. Most arthropod bites and stings are minor, with the notable exception being bee-sting anaphylaxis. Ticks cause the most disease transmission. Key hard tick vectors include black-legged (Ixodes), dog (Dermacentor), and lone star (Amblyomma) ticks, which transmit Lyme and various rickettsial diseases. Insect repellents, permethrin sprays, and proper tick inspection reduce this risk significantly. Lyme disease and the milder southern-tick-associated rash illness (STARI) are characterized by the erythema migrans rash followed, in the case of Lyme disease, by early, disseminated, and late systemic symptoms. Treatment is with doxycycline or ceftriaxone. Indefinite treatment of "chronic Lyme disease" based on subjective symptoms is not beneficial. Rickettsial diseases include ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever, which are characterized by fever, headache, and possible rash and should be empirically treated with doxycycline while awaiting laboratory confirmation. Tularemia is a bacterial disease (Francisella) spread by ticks and rabbits and characterized by fever and adenopathy. Treatment is with gentamicin or streptomycin. Babesiosis is a protozoal disease, mimicking malaria, that causes a self-limited flu-like disease in healthy hosts but can be life threatening with immune compromise. Treatment is with atovaquone and azithromycin. Other tick-related conditions include viral diseases (Powassan, Colorado tick fever, heartland virus), tick-borne relapsing fever (Borrelia), and tick paralysis (toxin). Mosquitoes, lice, fleas, and mites are notable for their annoying bites but are increasingly significant disease vectors even in the United States.
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PMID:Arthropod-Borne Diseases: The Camper's Uninvited Guests. 2635 Mar 21