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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder with a progressive dementia which develops in middle or late life. The pathological findings of this disease are characterized by neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloidosis. However, cerebral hemorrhage caused by amyloid angiopathy rarely occurs. A 71-year-old woman, who had been suffering from an impairment of her cognitive ability for the past several months, suddenly developed a severe headache with vomiting and gait disturbance. Brain CT disclosed a hemorrhagic lesion in the right parieto-occipital region. In the following two years she had experienced two episodes of the similar subcortical hemorrhage which occurred in the right parietal lobe and bilateral parieto-occipital regions. She died at the age of 73. Histopathological examinations of the brain revealed a decreased number of neurons with diffuse distribution of senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the neocortex and hippocampus. Severe cerebrovascular amyloid deposits were also seen. Immunostaining for amyloid was carried out using a monoclonal antibody to amyloid beta protein. The senile plaque and cerebrovascular amyloid was strongly immunoreactive to anti-beta protein antibody. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is commonly seen in the brains with Alzheimer's disease and severe cerebrovascular degeneration secondary to heavy amyloid deposits may cause recurrent subcortical hemorrhages in the patients with this disorder.
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PMID:[An Alzheimer's disease case showing recurrent subcortical hemorrhage: an autopsy findings with immunohistochemical studies of cerebral amyloid deposits]. 280 20

Sixty patients with acute viral encephalitis admitted to The London Hospital in the last fifteen years have been reviewed. These consisted of 12 patients with known viral infection, 29 patients with acute viral infection of undetermined type, and 19 patients in whom an encephalitic illness followed a viral infection (post-infection encephalitis). The patients with primary viral encephalitis presented with an inflammatory brain disorder, including headaches and fever, and developed focal or diffuse neurological signs. Patients with post-infection encephalitis, usually following a 'flu'-like illness, presented with an acute neurological disturbance. The results of investigations, including virological studies, CSF examination, electroencephalography and neuroradiology, are described. Biopsy or autopsy material was available in 11 patients and these pathological findings supported the clinical classification of these patients. The mortality was highest in patients with herpes simplex virus encephalitis and lowest in patients with post-infection encephalitis. A considerable morbidity was found, not only in patients with primary viral encephalitis, but also in patients with encephalitis of unknown aetiology and post-infection encephalitis.
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PMID:Acute viral encephalitis: its diagnosis and outcome. 625 3

The prognosis of chronic toxic encephalopathy in former house painters was examined in a prospective study with a two-year observation period. Twenty-six patients, who at the initial examination had cerebral atrophy and/or intellectual impairment, were selected for the follow-up study. No competitive etiological factors (including alcohol) to the encephalopathy were suspected. During the two-year follow-up interval these patients were not professionally exposed to organic solvents. At the follow-up examination neurological, biochemical, neuropsychological, and neuroradiological parameters were reassessed and compared to the original findings. Generally the condition was unchanged. Slight improvements with regard to headache and dizziness were reported by some. However, the neurological status, the neuropsychological impairment, and the cerebral atrophy, did not change significantly. In three patients further deterioration was observed. It is argued that our patients suffered from a brain disorder different from presenile dementia of the Pick-Alzheimer type. Other alternative etiological entities were also excluded. Our findings indicate that long-term exposure to organic solvents may lead to a chronic brain syndrome. Once intellectual impairment and/or cerebral atrophy had developed, reversibility is not observed. Nor is further progression to be expected if exposure is stopped. Occupational exposure to organic solvents should be maximally restricted as it represents a risk of inducing invalidating brain syndromes.
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PMID:Prognosis in chronic toxic encephalopathy. A two-year follow-up study in 26 house painters with occupational encephalopathy. 731 95

Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is a newly recognised brain disorder that predominantly affects the cerebral white matter. Oedematous lesions particularly involve the posterior parietal and occipital lobes, and may spread to basal ganglia, brain stem, and cerebellum. This rapidly evolving neurological condition is clinically characterised by headache, nausea and vomiting, seizures, visual disturbances, altered sensorium, and occasionally focal neurological deficit. Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is often associated with an abrupt increase in blood pressure and is usually seen in patients with eclampsia, renal disease, and hypertensive encephalopathy. It is also seen in the patients treated with cytotoxic and immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporin, tacrolimus, and interferon alfa. The lesions of posterior leukoencephalopathy are best visualised with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. T2 weighted MR images, at the height of symptoms, characteristically show diffuse hyperintensity selectively involving the parieto-occipital white matter. Occasionally the lesions also involve the grey matter. Computed tomography can also be used satisfactorily to detect hypodense lesions of posterior leukoencephalopathy. Early recognition of this condition is of paramount importance because prompt control of blood pressure or withdrawal of immunosuppressive agents will cause reversal of the syndrome. Delay in the diagnosis and treatment can result in permanent damage to affected brain tissues.
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PMID:Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. 1150 3

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is an increasingly recognized brain disorder most commonly associated with hypertension, toxemia of pregnancy, or the use of immunosuppressive agents. Its clinical features include headache, decreased alertness, mental abnormalities, such as confusion, diminished spontaneity of speech, changed behavior ranging from drowsiness to stupor, seizures, vomiting, and abnormalities of visual perception like cortical blindness. Magnetic resonance imaging shows edematous lesions primarily involving the posterior supratentorial white matter and corticomedullary junction. We describe a 7-year-old uremic girl who developed neurological symptoms of posterior leukoencephalophaty syndrome during the course of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Since the symptoms first appeared 24 h after a hypertensive crisis and the patient was uremic at the time of symptoms, we decided to report this patient to discuss the differential diagnosis of neurological symptoms developing during the course of acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
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PMID:Posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome in poststreptococcal acute glomerulonephritis. 1146 12

Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome is a brain disorder characterized by headache, nausea, vomiting, visual disturbance, depressed level of consciousness, convulsions and occasionally focal neurologic deficits. It is commonly associated with malignant hypertension, toxemia of pregnancy or the use of immunosuppressive agents. Early diagnosis and specific treatment is essential. We report a case of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy in the context of a hypertensive crisis in an habitual cocaine sniffer. Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy must be suspected in every patient with hypertensive crisis and compatible clinic manifestation. Neuroimaging studies show characteristic features which confirm the diagnosis.
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PMID:[Reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy, severe hypertension, and cocaine abuse]. 1147 11

Migraine is a common neurovascular brain disorder that is manifested in recurrent episodes of disabling headache. The aim of the present study was to compare the prevalence and heritability of migraine across six of the countries that participate in GenomEUtwin project including a total number of 29,717 twin pairs. Migraine was assessed by questionnaires that differed between most countries. It was most prevalent in Danish and Dutch females (32% and 34%, respectively), whereas the lowest prevalence was found in the younger and older Finnish cohorts (13% and 10%, respectively). The estimated genetic variance (heritability) was significant and the same between sexes in all countries. Heritability ranged from 34% to 57%, with lowest estimates in Australia, and highest estimates in the older cohort of Finland, the Netherlands, and Denmark. There was some indication that part of the genetic variance was non-additive, but this was significant in Sweden only. In addition to genetic factors, environmental effects that are non-shared between members of a twin pair contributed to the liability of migraine. After migraine definitions are homogenized among the participating countries, the GenomEUtwin project will provide a powerful resource to identify the genes involved in migraine.
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PMID:Genetic and environmental influences on migraine: a twin study across six countries. 1462 26

Reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RLS) is a rare brain disorder, characterized by diffuse attenuation of cerebral white matter, which has been most commonly observed in transplant patients receiving calcineurin inhibitors or in patients with severe hypertension. We report an episode of RLS in a 22-year-old male patient on chronic hemodialysis with well-controlled moderate hypertension who presented with de novo headache and generalized seizures. Cranial magnetic resonance image (MRI) revealed multiple areas of increased signal intensity in the white matter on T2-weighed images which resolved spontaneously at subsequent MRIs. White blood cell count showed leucopenia with normal CD4 count at flow cytometry. A viral etiology could not be demonstrated. Reversible leukoencephaolopathy syndrome symptoms remitted within 72 h but leukopenia persisted over 10 months. The patient received a kidney transplant 15 months after RLS onset and has received cyclosporine since the second post-transplant day. No recurrence of RLS symptoms has been observed. The etiology of the MRI changes in the present case seemed not to be either vasogenic or cytotoxic.
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PMID:Reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome associated to leukopenia in a chronic hemodialysis patient. 1582 10

The aim of this controlled historical cohort study was to assess the validity of post-concussion syndrome in children. We identified 301 children aged 4-15 years who had sustained an isolated brain concussion, and another group of 301 children who sustained any other mild body injury excluding the head. Parents from both groups filled in standardized questionnaires containing questions about the health condition of the children: headache, neck pain, dizziness, malaise, fatigability, exercise or noise intolerance, irritability, weepiness, sadness, anxiety, nocturnal enuresis, tics, sleep disorders, memory or learning difficulties, hyperactivity, seizures, attention disorder, buzzing in the ears, subjective parental concerns about the child's health condition, and parental concerns about their child having a brain disorder. The severity of the complaints was rated on the Visual Analogue Scale. After the final exclusion, 102 pairs strictly matched by sex, age, and the date of trauma were analyzed. The differences of parental complaints about the health condition of their children between case and control groups were statistically insignificant for all symptoms, except parental concerns about their child having brain damage which were significantly higher in the case group. The likelihood of parental concerns about the possibility of their child having brain damage was 2.7 times higher in the case group. Headache, learning difficulties, and sleep disorders were significant variables predicting the concerns. These results question the validity of the post-concussion syndrome in children.
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PMID:The validity of post-concussion syndrome in children: a controlled historical cohort study. 1668 58

Alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC) is a severe brain disorder, mainly characterised by episodes of hemiplegia, progressive mental retardation, and other severe paroxysmal and permanent neurological symptoms. Clinically and genetically, there is some overlap with sporadic (SHM) and familial (FHM) hemiplegic migraine, a severe monogenic subtype of migraine. Although no mutations were detected in the FHM1 CACNA1A and FHM2 ATP1A2 genes in sporadic AHC patients, a mutation was found in the FHM2 ATP1A2 gene in a family with AHC. Recently, a missense mutation was found in the SLC1A3 gene that encodes the glutamate transporter EAAT1, in a patient with alternating hemiplegia, episodic ataxia, seizures, and headache. Because of the remarkable clinical similarities and the potential role of glutamate in AHC, we analysed six sporadic patients with AHC for mutations in the SLC1A3 gene. No mutations were found. The SLC1A3 EAAT1 glutamate transporter gene does not seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of AHC.
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PMID:Alternating hemiplegia of childhood: no mutations in the glutamate transporter EAAT1. 1723 10


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