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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Primary intraventricular hemorrhage (PIVH) imaged by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is reported. A fifty-seven-year-old man with long-standing hypertension suddenly developed severe headache, vomiting, and retrograde amnesia. A computed tomography scan on the same day revealed hematoma in the right posterior horn of the lateral ventricle and in the 4th ventricle. Angiography of the neck and head failed to demonstrate any vascular abnormalities. On the second day his neurological symptoms almost recovered except for the loss of the memory of the ictal day. High-field MRI on the sixteenth day demonstrated an isointense lesion surrounded by a hypointense area in the T1 weighted image or a hyperintense lesion in the T2 weighted image, suggesting subacute hematoma consistent with hypertension, just anterior to the right trigone of the lateral ventricle.
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PMID:Primary intraventricular hemorrhage imaged by high-field magnetic resonance imaging--a case report. 238 45

Transient global amnesia (TGA) is an unusual form of the amnestic syndrome, clinically characterized by profound disturbance of short-term memory with preservation of immediate recall and long-term memory. Spontaneous recovery is the rule and is usually complete within several hours. The etiology of TGA is not clear. It is considered to be caused by transient ischemia confined to the medial temporal lobe, an area supplied by branches of the vertebrobasilar system. Basilar artery migraine is a well-known syndrome, first described by Bickerstaff. Besides pulsating headache, the dominant symptoms are vertigo, ataxic gait, tinnitus, dysarthria, paraeshesia in the hands, homonymous hemianopsia and sometimes drop-attacks. These symptoms are associated with vertebrobasilar system dysfunction. In this paper, three migraine patients, suffering from one episode of TGA, were reported. All patients were women. Case 1 was a 48-year-old woman with a history of common migraine. Case 2 was a 48-year-old woman with a history of classic migraine. Case 3 was a 59-year-old woman with a common migraine. Family history of migraine exists in case 1 and case 3. Their migrainous attacks began in their twenties and thirties. They suddenly suffered migraine with the symptoms of vertebrobasilar dysfunction. These symptoms are ataxic gait (Case 1, 2, 3), dysarthria (Case 1, 2), vertigo (Case 1, 3) and homonymous hemianopsia (Case 1, 3). Simultaneously three patients had TGA. Duration of retrograde amnesia were about twenty-four hours (Case 1), about thirty minutes (Case 2) and about three hours (Case 3).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Basilar artery migraine associated with transient global amnesia]. 262 11

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a complex disorder characterized by a sleep-related collapse of the upper airway. The most likely candidate for the common pathway linking various abnormalities casually associated with OSAS (such as adenotonsillar hypertrophy, obesity, retro- or micrognathia, acromegaly, or more subtle structural anomalies) is an abnormally small upper airway lumen. Symptoms of OSAS that appear during sleep include snoring, abnormal motor activity, disturbed nocturnal sleep, a sensation of choking, heartburn, nocturia, nocturnal enuresis, and heavy sweating. Daytime waking symptoms are dominated by often profound sleepiness, which may secondarily be associated with automatic behavior, retrograde amnesia, hypnagogic hallucinations, personality changes, sexual difficulties, and headaches. Careful evaluation, both sleeping and waking, are essential to select appropriate treatment. Treatments include nasal continuous positive airway pressure, tracheostomy, weight loss, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty, mandibular advancement, and so forth.
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PMID:Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. A review. 333 20

A case of right temporo-occipital subcortical hemorrhage with amnestic syndrome was reported. A 65-year-old woman presented with visual disturbance and headache. CT and MRI demonstrated a hemorrhagic lesion in the right occipital lobe involving parahippocampal gyrus. Neurological examination on admission revealed left homonymous hemianopsia and anterograde and retrograde amnesia. Neuropsychological examination revealed marked recent memory disturbance, but she had visual retention and verbal retention, and her value in WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) was normal. After 40 days, she was discharged without improvement of amnesia. These findings suggest that the cortico-medial temporal lobe pathway was disturbed by subcortical hemorrhage, and we think there are connective fibers between visual and verbal memory systems. This is the first report of hippocampal amnesia following temporo-occipital subcortical hemorrhage.
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PMID:[Amnestic syndrome after right temporo-occipital subcortical hemorrhage]. 775 25

We report the case of a 42-year-old man with repeated attacks of headache associated with retrograde amnesia. Neuropsychological tests before and after the major episode of amnesia showed mild neuropsychological deficits but with spared anterograde memory and learning functions. The amnesia was dense for a period of 15-20 years and included people and events (public and private). There was also a suggestion of amnesia for learned skills. Neurologically he had mild clinical signs and focal EEG-abnormalities in the left fronto-temporal region, but CT, MRI, and SPECT showed no abnormality. Five years after the onset of amnesia there was no recovery of the retrograde memory deficit, but a PET (glucose) scan was normal and neuropsychological testing showed no deficits. An association with migraine has been reported for some non-classical amnesias, but this is the first case of selective retrograde amnesia in a patient with headache as a primary neurological diagnosis.
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PMID:Focal retrograde amnesia associated with vascular headache. 986 87

We report two cases of non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis (NHALE) which showed elevation of interleukin (IL)-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). [Case 1] The patient was a 25-year-old woman who was admitted to another hospital because of fever and severe headache, following common cold. After the admission, she developed severe disturbance of consciousness and suffered from generalized convulsions, and was then transferred to our hospital. The CSF examination revealed neither pleocytosis nor elevation of total protein. Her consciousness improved by intravenous administration of high-dose methylprednisolone, but mild retrograde amnesia and symptomatic epilepsy remained as sequelae. [Case 2] The patient was a 58-year-old man who was admitted to our hospital because of fever, severe headache, and mild disturbance of consciousness, following common cold. After the admission, he exhibited marked psychiatric symptoms and severe amnestic syndrome. The CSF examination revealed mild lymphocytic pleocytosis and mild elevation of total protein. His clinical symptoms improved markedly by intravenous administration of high-dose methylprednisolone, but mild retrograde amnesia and personality changes remained. Cranial MRI showed reversible high signal intensity lesions in bilateral hippocampi and amygdaloid bodies on diffusion weighted images (DWI) in both cases. No laboratory findings suggesting herpes simplex virus infection or malignancy were detected in either case. In the CSF analysis of cytokines including IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interferony gamma, only IL-6 was elevated in both cases. We recognized four clinical features in both cases as follows: 1. the episode of preceding infection such as common cold, 2. appearance of reversible high signal intensity lesions in bilateral hippocampi and amygdaloid bodies on DWI, 3. elevation of only IL-6 in CSF, and 4. marked neurological improvement by intravenous administration of high-dose methylprednisolone. We speculate that the immune reaction of the host might play some significant roles in the pathogenesis of NHALE, based on these four clinical features.
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PMID:[The analysis of cytokines in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in two cases of non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis (NHALE)]. 1288 25

We describe three patients exhibiting an acute reversible amnesia characterised by an impaired recollection of past events with preserved anterograde memory, thus consistent with a focal retrograde amnesia (FRA). This occurred after variable events: state of fugue, road accident, post-traumatic headache. Retrograde amnesia affected autobiographical memory so severely as to cover all of the patients' lives and to erase knowledge of their own identity. The retrieval of public events was variably affected, ranging from normality to severe impairment. No lesions were found on neuroimaging, and neurophysiological findings were unimpressive. FRA subsided in a few days, leaving a gap for the onset. The hypothesis of a psychogenic amnesia is considered, but overcoming the organic/psychogenic dichotomy the episodes appear as examples of "functional" memory inhibition, potentially triggered by different conditions, including events classifiable as psychic trauma. The clinical and neuropsychological traits of functional FRA are discussed. According to a current theory of autobiographical memory, the memory profile may be explained by a lost access to abstract autobiographical knowledge. Given some analogies with the more common transient global amnesia, a mechanism of spreading depression may also be hypothesised for functional FRA.
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PMID:Functional focal retrograde amnesia: lost access to abstract autobiographical knowledge? 1619 19

A case is presented of a 2-week onset of acute retrograde amnesia as initial presentation, caused by presumed cancer. While acute retrograde amnesia has been reported in the literature, a report linked to cancer has not previously been published. An 82-year-old Caucasian woman presented to the emergency department, with 3-day history of increasing confusion and mild frontal headaches. Until 2 weeks previously she had been living on her own and coping with her activities of daily life. She believed very firmly that she was living with her husband in the house in which they lived in over 30 years ago. A magnetic resonance imaging scan demonstrated a lesion extending from cortex anteriorly to the right basal ganglia posteriorly. Postgadolinium enhancement was consistent with a diagnosis of a primary or secondary neoplasm. In some patients, cognitive behaviour changes or amnesia is the sole presenting feature of a serious underlying pathology. A lesion in either the temporal or frontal lobe can lead to this presentation. A family conference was convened and there was decision to take a conservative approach and not to investigate further. She was discharged to the care of her daughter and died 3 months later without return of her memory.
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PMID:Acute retrograde amnesia as first presentation in terminal metastatic cancer. 1662 53

A 37-year-old woman developed memory disturbance and seizures preceded by headache and high fever. Physical examination revealed persistent high fever, confusion, neck stiffness, anterograde and retrograde amnesia and disorientation. CSF showed pleocytosis and normal glucose level, and negative herpes simplex virus DNA on PCR. The fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) MRI of the brain demonstrated nearly symmetric high signal intensity areas in the bilateral mesial temporal lobes. The tentative clinical diagnosis was non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis (NHALE), and administration of methylprednisolone improved her conditions. Laboratory tests revealed mild hypothyroidism with high titers of serum antibodies against TPO and thyroglobulin, consistent with Hashimoto's disease. In addition, antibodies against amino terminal of alpha-enolase in the serum and those against glutamate receptor (GluR) epsilon2 in the serum and CSF were positive. A final diagnosis of Hashimoto's encephalopathy associated with GluRepsilon2 antibody was made. The present case suggests that NHALE-like clinical manifestation can be produced by autoimmune-mediated encephalopathies.
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PMID:[Non-herpetic acute limbic encephalitis-like manifestation in a case of Hashimoto's encephalopathy with positive autoantibodies against ionotropic glutamate receptor epsilon2]. 1809 94

We report the clinical findings and neuropsychological profiles of a sample of patients exhibiting a focal retrograde amnesia (FRA) seen consecutively during the period 1992-2007. The cohort comprised 13 patients, five males, with a mean age of 30 years (range 16-49). They were given a neurologic examination, psychiatric interview and formal neuropsychological examination (all but one) during the amnesic phase, underwent neuroimaging, and were followed up for six months to ten years. All presented with an acute amnesia characterized by an impaired recollection of memories predating the acute event, with spared or minimally and transiently affected anterograde memory, thus consistent with FRA. The events triggering FRA varied widely: mild to severe head injury, road accident without head injury, seizure, dissociative fugue, BDZ overdose, posttraumatic headache, syncope, migraine attack, acute distress. The neuropsychological hallmark of FRA was a selective or prominent impairment of autobiographical memory. The defect was often so severe as to cover most or all of the patients' lives and, in some cases, to erase the knowledge of their own identity. Conventional neuroimaging (brain CT and MRI) was unimpressive. Cerebral SPECT/PET disclosed unilateral frontal hypoperfusion in three (two left). All but one patient fully recovered, time of recovery ranging from three days to six months. FRA is a condition reflecting a block of memory function triggered by heterogeneous events, including both physical and psychic insults. Analogies shared with the more frequently encountered and better known condition of transient global amnesia suggests common pathogenetic mechanisms. A tentative nosographic classification of FRA is finally offered.
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PMID:When the past is lost: focal retrograde amnesia. Focus on the "functional" form. 1964 Dec 49


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