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Query: UMLS:C0018681 (headache)
 56,091 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Data is reviewed on premenstrual symptoms which have been related to high suicide and accident rates, employment absentee rates, poor academic performance and acute psychiatric problems. A recent study of healthy young women indicated that 39% had troublesome premenstrual symptoms, 54% passed clots in their menses, 70% had cyclical localized acneiform eruptions and only 17% failed to experience menstrual pain. Common menstrual disorders are classified as either dysmenorrhea or the premenstrual syndrome. Symptoms for the latter usually begin 2-12 days prior to menstruation and include nervous tension, irritability, anxiety, depression, bloated breasts and abdomen, swollen fingers and legs, headaches, dizziness, occasional hypersomia, excessive thirst and appetite. Some women may display an increased susceptibility to migraine, vasomotor rhinitis, asthma, urticaria and epilepsy. Symptoms are usually relieved with the onset of menses. While a definitive etiological theory remains to be substantiated, symptomatic relief has been reported with salt and water restriction and simple diuretics used 7 to 10 days premenstrually. Diazapam or chlordiazepoxide treatment is recommended before oral contraceptive therapy. The premenstrual syndrome may persist after menopause, is unaffected by parity, and sufferers score highly on neuroticism tests. Primary or spasmodic dysmenorrhea occurs in young women, tends to decline with age and parity and has no correlation with premenstrual symptoms or neuroticism. Spasmodic or colicky pain begins and is most severe on the first day of menstruation and may continue for 2-3 days. Treatment of dysmenorrhea with psychotropic drugs or narcotics is discouraged due to the risk of dependence and abuse. Temporary relief for disabling pain may be obtained with oral contraceptives containing synthetic estrogen and progestogen but the inherent risks should be acknowledged. Both disorders have been correlated to menstrual irregularity. Amenorrhea in many women may be precipitated by simple psychological events such as leaving home, while severely stressful events produce a higher incidence. Unless a physiological factor such as malnutrition is operating, menses usually recur spontaneously within a few months. Amenorrhea is a constant feature of anorexia nervosa and may precede related attitudes toward eating and body weight. This syndrome is best regarded as a chronic and often severe neurotic disorder requiring combined physiological and psychological treatment, although some evidence exists to indicate an endocrine disorder. Extensive basic research is needed on the complex relationship between the neuroendocrine system and emotion.
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PMID:Premenstrual symptoms. 473 36

A new "normophasic" oral contraceptive, Fisioquens (7 tablets of .05 mg ethinylestradiol, and 15 tablets with .05 mg ethinylestradiol and 1 mg lynestrenol) was taken by 120 fertile women for an average of 9.24 cycles, maximum of 12 cycles, and a total of 1108 cycles. There were no pregnancies, no drug related drop outs, good menstrual control and very few side effects. Latent period before withdrawal bleeding was 2-3 days in 89.9% of cycles. Bleeding lasted 4.5 days in 72% of cycles, occurred every 28 days in 88%, was usually the same in amount, sometimes increased. There was breakthrough bleeding in .38% of cycles, spotting in 2%, and amenorrhea in only 2 cycles. Side effects included nausea (worsened in 3.3%, improved in 5%); headache (worsened in 9.1%, improved in 10.8%); breast pain (worsened in 7.5%, improved in 17.5%); leg pain (worsened in 8.3%, improved in 7.5%); leucorrhea (worsened in 1.6%, improved in 30.8%); psychological status (worsened in 2.4%, improved in 7.5%). Whether the patients had previously been taking other pills was not stated. The author concluded that this formulation was efficacious and acceptable because it resembles a sequential, but gives longer protection of progestagen.
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PMID:[Clinical study of a new, normophasic type oral contraceptive]. 477 56

The efficacy, side effects, and biologic actions of the progestogen-only minipills marketed since February 1973 are reviewed. The preparations are: 350 mcg norethisterone (Micronor Ortho), 30 mcg d-norgestrel (Microlut Schering and Microval Wyeth), and 500 mcg lynestrenol (Exluton Organon). The efficacy of these drugs depends on motivation: Pearl indexes vary from 1.17-3.72 for norethisterone, .9-4.4 for d-norgestrel, and .8- 2.2 for lynestrenol. Some physiologic effects of minipills possibly related to their mode of action are impermeable cervical mucus and low levels of progesterone, pregnanediol, estrogen, and LH. The side effects influencing dropout most are spotting (40-55% in the first cycle), polymenorrhea (about 10%), and amenorrhea (about 5-10%). Some transient estrogenic side effects such as nausea, headaches, and breast pain may be due to estrogenic metabolites from lynestrenol and norethisterone. None of the severe estrogenic side effects, such as thrombophlebitis and impaired glucose tolerance and liver function, are characteristic of progestogen pills.
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PMID:[Minipill as the new contraceptive method]. 481 42

The use of depot-type injections of the contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was studied in 1132 women for up to 5 1/2 years. Continuation rates, reasons for discontinuation, method failure rates, and bleeding patterns were considered. The women received a dose of 400 mg DMPA in aqueous suspension (injected into the deltoid muscle) every six months. In addition, each patient received an oral dose of .04 mg ethynl estradiol for 10 days each lunar month. Of the original acceptors, 36.4 percent used the method for the full 5 1/2 years. The major reasons for discontinuation of DMPA injections were bleeding problems (including amenorrhea) and such other medical reasons as palpitation, abdominal pain, headache, weakness, and dizziness. A total of 26 women became accidently pregnant while using DMPA during the 5 1/2 years. Advantages of DMPA injections were the simplicity, safety, and effectiveness of the method, and the psychological appeal of an injectable contraceptive.
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PMID:Use-effectiveness of six-month injections of DMPA as a contraceptive. 482 85

The efficacy, safety, and patient acceptance of an oral contraceptive containing 150 mcg d-norgestrel and 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol (150/30) were studied in 99 women who completed 754 cycles of medication between late 1971 and October 1973. 1 pregnancy occurred giving a pregnancy rate of 1.6 per 100 woman-years. This woman's previous history indicated unreliability in pill taking. The mean pretreatment length of menses was 4.9 days and during treatment, 4 days. Although intermenstrual bleeding and amenorrhea were noted in early cycles, there was a decrease in the usual incidence of headaches, nausea, vomiting, and depression. Results of the study and patients' acceptance suggest that the 150/30 combination may be used as the oral contraceptive of first choice.
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PMID:Clinical assessment of a low-dose oestrogen, low-dose progestogen combined oral contraceptive. 482 25

To study the safety and efficacy of a norgestrel-ethinyl estradol oral contraceptive compound, 300 Mexican women, 16-42 years of age were orally administered .5 mg norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol (Ovral) daily over a total of 3175 study cycles. Most of the women were poor., uneducated and of high parity. None of the patients in the study became pregnant, even in the cycles where 1 or more doses were omitted. The menstrual cycle remained basically unaltered with breakthrough bleeding or spotting sometimes reported, usually when doses were missed. Unexplained amenorrhea occurred in 1.2% of the cycles. Though 5% of the women were ovulatory at one time of another as determined by pregnandiol levels, no pregnancy resulted, which is probably explained by changes in the cervical mucus caused by the pills making an inhospitable environment for sperm migration. Psychosomatic-related side-effects included nausea, headache and decreased libido in less than 1% of the cycles. Chloasma aggravated by poor dietary intake occurred in .5% of the cycles. No malignant, peripheral vascular or other serious disease occurred during the treatment and no significant endometrial alterations were seen.
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PMID:Norgestrel and ethynyl estradiol: a new low-dosage oral agent for fertility control. 563 91

264 women (about 50% private patients), all less than 40 years old and none with history contraindicating oral contraception, were started on a regimen with Ovral (.5 mg norgestrel and .05 mg ethinyl estradiol). Medication started on Day 5 of a menstrual cycle. Then therapy followed a 3 weeks on, 7 days off schedule. Patients continued for 1-22 cycles (mean 7 cycles) for a total of 1918 cycles. Despite the omission of 42 doses by 32 patients, no pregnancies occurred. The percentages of cycles with average flow, spotting, breakthrough bleeding, and dysmenorrhea were 74.4, 2.5, .4, and .6, respectively. The incidence of amenorrhea, .2%, was spectacularly low in comparison with findings in other studies. Papanicolaou smears (483) were all normal (Class I or II). Morphologic changes seen at endometrial biopsy (61) were similar to those produced by other available progestogen-estrogen compounds. No significant variation from control findings (1878) were found in 1463 laboratory studies. The studies included leukocyte and differential counts (724), and determinations of hemoglobin and hematocrit (388), fasting blood sugar and blood urea nitrogen (114), bilirubin and liver function (61), and renal function (176). Minor symptoms (nausea, vomiting, headache, etc.) were few and disappeared after the first few cycles. The preparation suppresses ovulation (probably through action of the estrogen), probably alters the cervical mucus to inhibit sperm penetration, possibly interferes with nidation, and may interfere with follicular development.
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PMID:Norgestrel, a low dose, oral progestogen for fertility contro. Supplementary report. 564 94

Recent European literature on the frequency of side effects of ovulation inhibitors is reviewed. Libido changes, gastrointestinal symptoms, weight gain, headache, breast discomfort, amenorrhea, premenstrual syndrome, jaundice, and breakthrough bleeding were commonly reported. Although these side effects are quite frequent, the author points out that they are mostly minor, and that ovulation inhibitors are relatively harmless.
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PMID:[Side effects of ovulation inhibitors]. 589 81

The effects of tiapride were studied in 180 patients, including 165 with cephalalgia originating in various causes and 15 with other types of pain. 110 of the 165 patients with cephalalgia completed the study; results were good or excellent in 78 (71%), with no differences related the the cause of the headache. 13 of the 15 patients with other types of pain completed the study, with good or excellent results in 10. Tiapride was given in a daily dose of three tablets a day in outpatients, and two daily intramuscular injections in hospitalized patients. Tolerance was excellent in 109 of the 123 patients (88%). Recorded side-effects were drowsiness in 4 patients, asthenia in 3, ebrious manifestations in 3, amenorrhea-galactorrhea in 2 and constipation in 2.
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PMID:[Effect of tiapride on headache and various other types of pain]. 629 72

Oral contraceptive agents (OCs) containing levonorgestrel, 150 micrograms, and ethinyl estradiol, 30 micrograms, account for almost half the sales of such agents in the United Kingdom. The remarkable success of this formulation has occurred primarily because it provides extremely low doses of both hormonal constituents yet still gives most users a very acceptable bleeding pattern: the incidence of breakthrough bleeding is about 6% and of amenorrhea, less than 3%. Approximately 90% of users have cycle lengths of 28 +/- 3 days. The risk of serious side effects is significantly lower than with formulas containing higher doses of progestogen and/or estrogen. Minor side effects occur in only a small percentage of cycles. Headache is reported in approximately 10% of all cycles and should be regarded as a potential indicator of increased risk. If it presents as focal migraine, use of the combined OC should be discontinued. The contraceptive effectiveness of the 150/30 formulation is similar to that of the 50 micrograms formulations among compliant women; in less compliant women the margin of error is reduced, and the possibility of an increased risk of accidental pregnancy must be considered.
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PMID:The 150/30 formulation. Experience in the United Kingdom. 640 2


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