Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018133 (graft-versus-host disease)
 18,032 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Octreotide appears to have a major therapeutic effect in the management of diarrhoea related to cancer therapy. This effect is seen in the acute diarrhoea following radiation therapy and chemotherapy, and also in late radiation enteritis. As well as providing improved symptom control, early treatment can prevent potentially important morbidity in patients who are vulnerable to infection and fluid loss. Patients who suffer diarrhoea as a complication of AIDS, graft-versus-host disease and tumour-related diarrhoea can also obtain major benefit from treatment with octreotide. It should be considered as a first-line treatment in patients for whom diarrhoea may be a serious complication.
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PMID:Octreotide in the management of treatment-related diarrhoea. 882 80

The incidence and aetiology of acute diarrhoea in 60 adult allogeneic or autologous stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients was determined in a prospective study. Stool specimens were obtained prior to SCT and on days +20, +40, +60 and +100 post transplant. Microbiological evaluation was performed for pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. Forty-seven patients were evaluable of whom 31 had a total of 48 acute diarrhoeal episodes. Diarrhoea occurred in 79% of allogeneic and 47% of autologous SCT recipients (P < 0.05). Intestinal infections were found in three of 48 (6%) diarrhoeal episodes. Clostridium difficile with positive toxin was cultured twice and one stool specimen was positive for cryptosporidium. Intestinal pathogens were identified in 13 out of 172 stool specimens from asymptomatic patients and included: rotavirus (4), adenovirus (3), C. difficile, toxin positive (2), and others (4). Graft-versus-host disease was confirmed by biopsy in two of 36 episodes of diarrhoea in allogeneic patients, and in three patients a relationship between reactivation of cytomegalovirus and diarrhoea was suspected. In 40 of 48 (83%) episodes of diarrhoea no clear aetiology could be found.
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PMID:Infectious gastro-enteritis: an uncommon cause of diarrhoea in adult allogeneic and autologous stem cell transplant recipients. 1096 69

Diarrhea is common after liver transplantation (LT). The true incidence of diarrhea in liver transplant recipients is unknown but possibly ranges from 10% to 43% based on a few published studies in other solid organ and bone marrow transplantation. Infectious etiologies, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Clostridium difficile, and occasional atypical intestinal infections, are the most common causes. Diarrhea is also a frequent side effect of immunosuppressive medications. To variable extents, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclosporine A (CSA), tacrolimus, and sirolimus are all known to be associated with diarrhea. Rarely, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), lymphoproliferative disorder, de novo inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or colon cancer may present as diarrhea. Flare-up of preexisting IBD is also not uncommon after LT. However, the cause of acute diarrhea remains unidentified in 1 of 3 patients. This review summarizes the literature and provides recommendations on the management of acute diarrhea after LT. Although our focus is on LT, the etiology and management recommendations apply to most transplant recipients.
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PMID:Diarrhea in liver transplant recipients: etiology and management. 1638 72

A probiotic is a "live microbial food ingredients that, when ingested in sufficient quantities, exerts health benefits on the consumer". Probiotics exert their benefits through several mechanisms; they prevent colonization, cellular adhesion and invasion by pathogenic organisms, they have direct antimicrobial activity and they modulate the host immune response. The strongest evidence for the clinical effectiveness of probiotics has been in their use for the prevention of symptoms of lactose intolerance, treatment of acute diarrhea, attenuation of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal side effects and the prevention and treatment of allergy manifestations. More research needs to be carried out to clarify conflicting findings on the use of probiotics for prevention of travelers' diarrhea, infections in children in daycare and dental caries, and elimination of nasal colonization with potentially pathogenic bacteria. Promising ongoing research is being conducted on the use of probiotics for the treatment of Clostridium difficile colitis, treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and prevention of relapse, treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, treatment of intestinal inflammation in cystic fibrosis patients, and prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. Finally, areas of future research include the use of probiotics for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, prevention of cancer and the treatment of graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplant recipients.
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PMID:Probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. 1659 7

Reports on the clinical course of mycophenolic acid (MPA)-related colitis in kidney transplant recipients are scarce. This study aimed at assessing MPA-related colitis incidence, risk factors, and progression after kidney transplantation. All kidney transplant patients taking MPA who had colonic biopsies for persistent chronic diarrhea, between 2000 and 2012, at the Kidney Transplantation Unit of Botucatu Medical School Hospital, Brazil, were included. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunohistochemistry was performed in all biopsy specimens. Data on presenting symptoms, medications, immunosuppressive drugs, colonoscopic findings, and follow-up were obtained. Of 580 kidney transplant patients on MPA, 34 underwent colonoscopy. Colonoscopic findings were associated with MPA usage in 16 patients. The most frequent histologic patterns were non-specific colitis (31.3%), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-like colitis (25%), normal/near normal (18.8%), graft-versus-host disease-like (18.8%), and ischemia-like colitis (12.5%). All patients had persistent acute diarrhea and weight loss. Six of the 16 MPA-related diarrhea patients (37.5%) showed acute dehydration requiring hospitalization. Diarrhea resolved when MPA was switched to sirolimus (50%), discontinued (18.75%), switched to azathioprine (12.5%), or reduced by 50% (18.75%). No graft loss occurred. Four patients died during the study period. Late-onset MPA was more frequent, and no correlation with MPA dose or formulation was found.
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PMID:Clinicopathologic features and outcome of mycophenolate-induced colitis in renal transplant recipients. 2514 67