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Query: UMLS:C0018133 (graft-versus-host disease)
 18,032 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The aim of this study was to test whether colony stimulating factors (CSF) and other cytokines facilitate the recovery of a variety of immunohematopoietic functions in lethally irradiated mice undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Two experimental systems were employed: (a) lethally irradiated mice transplanted with syngeneic or T cell-depleted semi-allogeneic bone marrow (BM) cells (0.1-10 x 10(6)), subsequently treated by multiple doses of cytokines; and (b) lethally irradiated mice transplanted with BM cells that had previously been cultivated with cytokines. The cytokines used were: pure natural mouse interleukin-3 (IL-3); recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage CSF (rGM-CSF); recombinant human interleukin-2 (rIL-2); and crude cytokine preparations obtained from the culture supernatants of murine leukemia WEHI-3b cells (containing mainly IL-3), and of phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated EL4 leukemia cells and concanavalin A-stimulated rat splenocytes (each containing a multitude of cytokines). For BM cultures (1-9 days), the cytokines were used at a dosage of 1-100 U/ml; for in vivo treatment, 2 x 10(2)-5 x 10(4) units were administered intraperitoneally and subcutaneously at different schedules for varying periods (1-3 weeks). The following parameters were tested 1-10 weeks post-BMT: white blood cell count, colony formation in agar and in the spleen of lethally irradiated mice, proliferative responses to mitogens and alloantigens, allocytotoxicity and antibody production (serum agglutinins and plaque-forming cells) against sheep red blood cells. Under appropriate conditions, cytokine treatment either in vitro or in vivo significantly enhanced (2- to 50-fold compared with controls) most functions tested at 2-8 weeks post-BMT, and shortened the time interval required for full immunohematopoietic recovery by 2-5 weeks. In recipients of semi-allogeneic, T lymphocyte-depleted BM no evidence of graft-versus-host disease was found. It is suggested that judicious application in vitro and/or in vivo of certain pure cytokines (e.g. GM-CSF, IL-3) or cytokine 'cocktails' might be beneficial in enhancing hematopoiesis and in the treatment of immunodeficiency associated with BMT.
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PMID:In vitro and in vivo cytokine-induced facilitation of immunohematopoietic reconstitution in mice undergoing bone marrow transplantation. 304 95

In our laboratory, we have developed a murine model to examine GVHD across minor histocompatibility antigens. In our model, GVHD is induced by injecting B10.D2 spleen cells into irradiated BALB/c recipients. Seven to 10 days after irradiation and injection of cells, there are significant changes in cell function in the recipient spleens. In the B10.D2----BALB/c (600 rad) model, recipient spleen cells are profoundly unresponsive to Con A and LPS stimulation but show increased B cell activity measured by Staphylococcus aureus protein A plaque-forming activity. Spleen cells from such GVH mice profoundly suppress the mitogenic responses of normal BALB/c or B10.D2 spleen cells to Con A and LPS. The degree of impairment of the mitogenic response and the ability to suppress normal cells is proportional to the dose of cells used to induce GVH reactions. Both the inability to respond to mitogens and the capacity to suppress are also related to the dose of irradiation given to the recipients. In addition, immunosuppression across minor histocompatibility antigens shows an unevenhandedness. If we inject parental B10.D2 or BALB/c cells into F1 recipients (P----F1), there is greater inhibition of mitogenic responses when B10.D2 parental cells are given than when BALB/c cells are given to the irradiated F1 recipients. These experiments show that significant immunosuppression occurs during GVH reactions across minor histocompatibility barriers. The degree of suppression varies according to the dose of cells used to induce GVH, the dose of irradiation to the recipient and the "strength" of the GVH recognition system. Such experiments provide models for GVH disease seen in humans who receive treatment for leukemia or other diseases that involves recipient irradiation and infusion of HLA-identical bone marrow.
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PMID:Graft-vs-host reactions (GVHR) across minor murine histocompatibility barriers. I. Impairment of mitogen responses and suppressor phenomena. 315 67

Studies were conducted to determine whether a functional B cell defect occurred in the bone marrow of mice experiencing a GVH reaction (GVHBM). GVH reactions were induced in AxCBA F1 adult mice by an injection of A strain lymphoid cells. The GVH reaction was confirmed by immunosuppression and thymus histology. At various intervals after GVH induction, GVHBM was tested for its ability to restore B cell function in adult thymectomized irradiated mice reconstituted with normal thymocytes. GVHBM cells obtained seven days after GVH induction restored but slightly the plaque forming cell (PFC) response to sheep erythrocytes and the mitogen response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). GVHBM cells obtained 10 days or later failed to reconstitute the PFC or LPS responses. GVHBM cells suppressed neither the T or B cell function of normal spleen cells nor the LPS mitogen response of normal bone marrow cells. In addition, the splenic colony-forming units (CFU-s) in GVHBM were slightly decreased by day 10 after GVH induction and markedly depressed by day 22 after GVH induction. These results suggest that the GVH reaction may affect two different events in B cell differentiation. The early decrease in functional B cells that occurs before there is any change in the CFU-s population suggests a direct effect on B cell production, whereas the later absence of functional B cells could be due to the marked decline in stem cell production (CFU-s).
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PMID:The graft-versus-host reaction and immune function. IV. B cell functional defect associated with a depletion of splenic colony-forming units in marrow of graft-versus-host-reactive mice. 351 85

After immunization with SRBC, the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen of alloxan-diabetic mice, in nondiabetic TIR mice and in alloxan-diabetic TIR mice was significantly decreased as compared with control non-diabetic donors. The ability of lymphocytes from alloxan-diabetic mice to adoptively restore the suppressed immune response of TIR mice, was reduced in comparison with the effect of lymphocytes from normal, nondiabetic donors. Local GVH reaction in nondiabetic rat recipients provoked by lymphocytes from control healthy mice was 5.6 +/- 0.7 mm. Significantly lower rate of local GVH reaction after injection of lymphocytes from diabetic donors was found in diabetic as in nondiabetic recipients as well. Treatment of alloxan-diabetic mice with thymus extract or with insulin, partly restored depressed function of the humoral and cellular system. Treatment of diabetic mice with both thymus extract and insulin, was even more effective in restoring of their immune reactivity. Diabetic condition strongly influenced the function of the immune system. This could be attributed to depletion of T-lymphocytes, changed relations between the lymphocyte subpopulations in diabetic donors, and disturbance of lymphocyte metabolism.
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PMID:Influence of the thymus extract on the immunological function of animals with experimental diabetes. 354 1

The effects of polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (pI:C) on the graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction were studied. The drug pI:C rapidly and markedly induces interferon and augments natural killer (NK) cell activity. GVH reactions were induced by injecting parental lymphoid cells intravenously into F1 hybrid mice. The development of a GVH reaction was monitored by measuring the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and by histological examination. When 30 X 10(6) B6 lymphoid cells were injected into B6AF1 mice, the recipients developed profound immunosuppression by 10-12 days post-GVH induction. In addition, pathological changes indicative of GVH reactions were seen in the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, liver, lung, pancreas, and salivary gland of these mice. However, the treatment of B6AF1 recipients with pI:C prior to parental cell transfer markedly reduced the degree of suppression of the immune response, as measured by the PFC response to SRBC. Also, such mice failed to demonstrate the histological lesions of GVH disease. Treatment of donor mice with pI:C had no effect in preventing either GVH-induced immunosuppression or pathological changes. This study suggests that a pI:C-induced mechanism, possibly involving NK cells, is capable of regulating the GVH reaction.
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PMID:The effects of polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (pI:C) on the GVH reaction: immunopathological observations. 394 33

Presented are experiences with the determination of immunosuppressive activity of alpha globulin fraction of human blood plasma, crude (Cohn fraction IV), partially purified and so-called low-molecular isolates of these substances. For testing the following techniques were used: the lymphocytotoxic and lymphoagglutination test, rosette-inhibition tests with human lymphocytes and splenocytes of mice immunized with sheep erythrocytes, lymphocyte blastic transformation inhibition test using PHA stimulated cells as well as in the mixed culture, inhibition of haemolytic plaque formation tests, determination of GVH reactivity using regional tests in the popliteal nodes, determination of HVG reactivity by skin graft survival test, determination of the effect on formation of precipitins against soluble antigens. The best results were obtained with the determination of survival times for skin grafts and the regional test in the popliteal nodes Fairly reproducible results were obtained in experiments on influencing the humoral antibody response and inhibition of formation of precipitating antibodies. Of in vitro methods tests of inhibition of lymphocyte blastic transformation both after PHA stimulation and in the mixed culture are applicable. Fully unsuitable proved the rosette, lymphocytotoxic and lymphoagglutination tests. In vitro modification of haemolytic plaque formation tests. In vitro modification of haemolytic plaque formation test is unfit for testing the crude fractions or partially purified drugs, its in vivo modification seems more feasible provided a large panel of animals is examined.
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PMID:Experiences with evaluation of immunosuppressive activity of alpha-globulin fraction of human blood plasma. 620 24

The present study was aimed at investigating recovery of humoral immunity in vitro after bone marrow transplantation in patients with acute leukemia and severe aplastic anemia. Hemolytic plaque assays were utilized to quantitate pokeweed mitogen-stimulated polyclonal immunoglobulin production and sheep erythrocyte antigen-specific antibody responses in cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 39 patients beginning at 1 month, for variable periods up to a maximum of 4 years after marrow transplantation. Three phases were identified: an early period of primary B cell dysfunction with concomitant immunoregulatory T cell abnormalities--i.e., decreased helper and increased suppressor activities; an intermediate phase in which B cell dysfunction could be attributed in large measure to immunoregulatory T cell abnormalities; and a late phase of normal B and T lymphocyte functions. Patients with graft-versus-host disease differed from those without it in that they often did not manifest increased T cell suppressor activity in the early period, and they were noted to have prolonged and profound B and T cell abnormalities in the chronic phase of their disease. In selected patients, simultaneous assessment of ratios of Leu-2 to Leu-3 antigens on T cells by monoclonal antibodies and of immunoregulatory T cell functions revealed a correlation between the two only late in the post-transplant period. These studies provide an insight into the ontogeny of B cell function in the post-transplant period and indicate that in certain situations phenotypic alterations in T cell subsets cannot reliably be used to predict abnormalities in their function in recipients of marrow transplantation.
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PMID:Abnormal humoral immune responses in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures of bone marrow transplant recipients. 621 73

Ten patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after HLA-identical marrow transplantation were studied between 372 and 1649 days post-transplant for their T cell subset functions in pokeweed mitogen-stimulated immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis. In vitro Ig synthesis was assessed using an indirect haemolytic plaque assay after 6 days of culture. T cells, TG+ cells (Fc-IgG receptor positive), TG- cells (Fc-IgG receptor negative), and B cell-enriched populations from the patients were co-cultured with normal T and/or B cells. Such cultures in patients with chronic GVHD showed deficient B cell activity (eight of 10); and deficient helper activity in T cells (six of 10), TG+ cells (five of nine), and TG- cells (three of nine). Greater than 50% suppression of Ig synthesis was detected with T cells (four of 10), TG+ cells (three of 10), and TG- cells (three of 10). This study provides evidence for variable regulatory function of Fc receptor T cell subsets in patients with chronic GVHD. The unexpected finding was that TG+ and TG- subpopulations can lack helper activity or actively suppress Ig synthesis.
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PMID:Immunoglobulin production after marrow transplantation. III. The functional heterogeneity of FC-IgG receptor positive and negative T cell subpopulations. 621 43

Pseudo-scleroderma should not be confused with true scleroderma, the prognosis of which is unpredictable and often serious. Progressive acrosclerosis must be differentiated from Raynaud's disease, congenital or hereditary disorders of unknown aetiology: Werner's syndrome, acrogeria and progeria; Rothmund-Thomson's syndrome, Steinert's disease, phenylketonuria, disorders of glycogen metabolism; metabolic disorders: mutilating acropathies, scleromyxoedema, porphyria cutanea tarda; occupational and iatrogenic disorders: acroosteolysis, toxic epidermic syndrome (Spain), scleroderma-like change induced by bleomycin, chronic graft-versus-host disease; and leprosy. Acute diffuse scleroderma should not be confused with Buschke's scleroedema, sclerema neonatorum, systemic amyloidosis and scleroderma-like changes in hypothyroidism. Linear pseudo-scleroderma is suggested by the following scleroderma-like conditions: facial hemiatrophy, acrodermatitis atrophicans, melorheostosis, pseudo-scleroderma after corticosteroid injection, and cutaneous lesions in carcinoid syndrome. Scleroderma in plaque must be differentiated from hypodermitis sclerotisans, panatrophy and localized lipoatrophies, hypodermitis after vitamin K injection, basal cell carcinoma, necrobiosis lipoidica, vitiligo, chronic radiodermatitis, cutaneous lymphatic invasion. Scleroderma-like changes after drug injection (vitamin B12, progestin), anetoderma barely resemble morphea guttata.
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PMID:[Pseudoscleroderma and sclerodermiform states]. 624 36

The pathologic symptoms in F1 mice with chronic graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) (GVH F1) strongly resemble those of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Mice with SLE-like GVHD do not produce antibodies to a number of non-self and self antigens. This finding is inconsistent with the widely accepted view that the (auto)-antibody formation in SLE is polyclonal in the sense that B cells are triggered at random, i.e., irrespective of their specificity. In the present study, therefore, we performed a systematic study of the kinetics of total IgM- and IgG-secreting splenic B cells and tested their specificities. The total IgM-secreting B cell population was increased only in the first week after the initiation of SLE-like GVHD; it seemed to reflect a random, but self-limited, polyclonal B cell stimulation. In contrast, the total number of IgG-secreting cells in the GVH F1 mice was increased to a much higher extent than that of the IgM-secreting cells and remained increased. At no time during GVHD was there an increase in the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) spontaneously secreting IgG antibodies to non-self antigens. The GVH reaction (GVHR) did, however, lead to the appearance of PFC that secreted IgG antibodies to DNA. Similarly, the GVH F1 mice showed high serum titers of antibodies to self antigens characteristic of SLE and to endogenous viruses, but during the entire observation period they failed to develop serum antibodies to non-self antigens and insulin. Hence, the enhanced production of Ig, especially that of IgG, that occurs in SLE-like GVHD is not a random process, because it requires the presence of antigen, or signal 1. The data support our hypothesis that only certain kinds of self antigen, such as DNA and cell membrane epitopes, can cross-link the Ig receptors on the corresponding B cells and thus provide an adequate signal 1. Given the increase in help, or signal 2, in chronic GVHD, only the B cell clones that simultaneously receive an adequate signal 1 seem to be driven into clonal proliferation and IgG secretion.
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PMID:Further evidence against random polyclonal antibody formation in mice with lupus-like graft-vs-host disease. 632 91


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