Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018099 (gout)
 5,192 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The objective of the present study was to investigate the toxico-pathological effects of diclofenac in different avian species including broiler chicks (Gallus gallus, 15 days old), pigeons (Columba livia, 3 months old), Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica, 4 weeks old) and mynah (Acridotheres tristis, independent young). For each species, five groups each containing 10 birds were maintained and administered diclofenac sodium orally at dose rates of 0, 0.25, 2.5, 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight, respectively, for seven consecutive days. Clinical signs in all species included depression, somnolence, decreased body weight and mortality. Severity of clinical disease increased in a dose-related manner and was most severe in broiler chicks, followed by pigeons, Japanese quail, and was least severe in mynah. Serum creatinine levels were elevated in all species. Serum urea levels varied non-significantly in broiler birds, significantly decreased in pigeons and significantly elevated in Japanese quail and mynah. Broiler chicks and pigeons administered 10 and 20 mg diclofenac/kg had visceral gout; however, this was not observed in Japanese quail and mynah. The kidneys and liver were enlarged in all species. Histologically, the kidneys of all species showed acute renal necrosis and the livers had fatty change and necrosis of hepatocytes. The kidneys and liver of broiler chicks and pigeons given 10 and 20 mg/kg diclofenac also exhibited uric acid crystal aggregates (tophi) and associated lesions in the parenchyma.
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PMID:Toxicological effects of diclofenac in four avian species. 1856 59

In a large population of animals, it is normal to have some die each day from causes not related to disease, which is often referred to as natural causes. In poultry production, this phenomenon is commonly referred to as daily mortality. In egg-producing chickens, many of the natural causes of death are associated with making an egg. The causes of normal mortality in commercial egg-laying chicken flocks have been described very little to date. A commercial chicken egg farm, housing approximately two million single-comb white leghorn chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in 16 egg-producing flocks, was visited on a monthly basis to monitor bird health, body conditioning, skeletal integrity, and causes of daily mortality in an attempt to provide early detection of health abnormalities. A representative sample of daily mortality from each flock was necropsied to determine the cause of death. Reported herein is a summary of visits for a period of 38 mo from June 2011 to July 2014. The top 15 causes of normal mortality, in rank order of prevalence, were determined to be the following: egg yolk peritonitis, hypocalcemia, gout, self-induced molt, salpingitis, caught by spur, intussusception or volvulus (twisted intestine), cannibalism (pick out), tracheal plug, septicemia, fatty liver syndrome, internal layer, layer hepatitis, persecution, and prolapsed vent. Other causes noted were hyperthermia (during summer), trauma, coccidiosis, ovarian neoplasia, being egg bound, urolithiasis, peritonitis (not egg yolk induced), leg fracture, caught in the structure, tumor (other than ovarian origin), wing fracture, exsanguination, and cardiomyopathy.
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PMID:Causes of Normal Mortality in Commercial Egg-Laying Chickens. 2895 10