Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018099 (gout)
 5,192 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The safety and efficacy of tienilic acid have been evaluated in studies of patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension, salt and water retention states and hyperuricaemia associated with gout. During the course of these studies 675 patients were treated with tienilic acid, 310 were treated with hydrochlorothiazide, 43 were treated with probenecid and 34 were treated with placebo. Overall, adverse reactions characterized as probably drug-related or questinably drug-related were reported in 28% of patients treated with tienilic acid, 24% treated with hydrochlorothiazide, 25% of patients treated with probenecid and 33% treated with placebo. The side effects encountered were mild in severity, reversible and represented extensions of the pharmacological activity of tienilic acid, hydrochlorothiazide and probenecid. These initial studies demonstrate that tienilic acid is safe and effective in the treatment of mild to moderate essential hypertension, salt and water retention states, including oedema associated with congestive cardiac failure or mild to moderate renal dysfunction, and in the management of elevated serum uric acid levels associated with gout.
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PMID:Safety of tienilic acid. 38 98

In most patients with primary gout hyperuricaemia results from a renal defect in tubular uric acid secretion. An increased endogenous purine biosynthesis is observed in only 2% of all patients with gout. Secondary hyperuricaemai results either from an increased breakdown of endogenous nucleic acids as in polycythaemia or from a decreased renal excretion of uric acid due to drug treatment, renal insufficiency or metabolic disturbances. Hyperuricaemia may be defined either in statistical terms from epidemiological studies of normal and gouty populations or from physicochemical properties of urate. Monosodium urate and uric acid are soluble in water to the extent of 6.32 mmol/l and 0.39 mmol/l respectively. In human plasma saturation of monosodium urate occurs at a concentration of about 0.42 mmol/l. The solubility of uric acid and urate in urine is more complicated as it is affected by changes in pH and salt concentration. Uricosuric drugs decrease serum uric acid concentration by enhancing the renal excretion of uric acid. Effects and side effects of uricosuric therapy are discussed.
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PMID:Uricosuric therapy and urate solubility in blood and urine. 50 37

We suggest that crystals, when introduced into an organism, may behave as conventional antigens, mediating the production of specific antibodies. These antibodies would bear an imprint of the crystal surface and may consequently behave as a nucleating matrix in a new crystallization event. Thus, they would behave as catalytic antibodies. We show that IgG antibodies isolated from patients suffering from gout, a joint disease caused by crystals of monosodium urate monohydrate (MSUM), accelerate the appearance of new crystals of MSUM from a supersaturated solution of the salt in vitro. The same effect is not observed for IgG antibodies isolated from the joint fluids of patients with other joint diseases, such as pseudogout, rheumatoid arthritis, or osteoarthritis. Furthermore, IgG antibodies obtained from rabbits injected subcutaneously with crystals of MSUM, were also nucleating towards MSUM crystals.
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PMID:Antibodies against crystals. 159 11

Problems of pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapy of gout and chondrocalcinosis in which deposits of uric acid salts and calcium are found in the articular tissue are of primary importance in modern rheumatology. The authors give observations of 10 out of 218 patients with primary gout in whom roentgenology had revealed signs of calcium salt deposits in the joints and periarticular tissue.
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PMID:[Chondrocalcinosis in gout]. 181 58

Antibodies to type II collagen (Col II) in sera and synovial fluid (SF) were measured with an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a solid phase sandwich method. The subjects included: 42 patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); 31 cases of osteoarthritis (OA); 10 cases of gouty arthritis; 4 cases of ankylosing spondylitis (AS); 5 cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); and 44 normal controls. The antigens used to detect antibodies against Col II were in native and heat-treated denatured forms, both of which were purified from chicken sternal cartilage by limited enzyme digestion and differential precipitation with salt. The reactivity to native type II collagen was generally higher than the reaction to the denatured collagen. In sera, significant higher levels of Col II were detected in the different arthritis groups when compared with the normal control group, with the exception of AS. In SF, the Col II was significantly higher in RA than it was in OA (p less than 0.001), while no difference was present between gout and OA (p less than 0.05). When native Col II was simultaneously measured in sera and SF among arthritics, positive rates were both higher among RA (65% and 58%, respectively). Positive rates were only higher in sera among OA (59% in sera and 3% in SF) and were both lower among gouty arthritis. The above findings show that the measurement of Col II is more important in SF than in sera.
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PMID:[The occurrence and clinical significance of antibodies to type II collagen in sera and synovial fluid of Chinese patients with rheumatoid arthritis]. 197 52

Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) catalyzes the conversion of hypoxanthine and guanine to IMP and GMP, respectively, in the presence of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate. Deficiencies of HPRT are associated with neurological abnormalities and gout. A human HPRT variant enzyme failed to bind to a GMP-affinity column under standard purification conditions. We developed a series of predictive tests for designing the affinity chromatography protocol which enabled purification of both normal and variant HPRT. The primary variable for the present variant was a difference in toleration of salt; other aspects recommended for evaluation are assessment of ligand-enzyme affinity, pH optimum, and tolerance of nonspecific ligands for washes. In addition, a method for determining the amount of GMP linked to the column material was developed and consisted of acid hydrolysis and HPLC quantitation of guanine.
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PMID:Modified GMP-affinity chromatography for the purification of mutant hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase. 254 33

Risk factors for cardiovascular disease include atherogenic personal attributes, living habits that promote them, signs of preclinical disease and host susceptibility. Atherogenic traits include the blood lipids, blood pressure and glucose tolerance. An increased low density lipoprotein cholesterol level is positively related, and an increased high density lipoprotein cholesterol level is inversely related, to cardiovascular disease incidence. Hypertension, whether systolic or diastolic, labile or fixed, casual or basal, at any age in either sex contributes greatly. The impact of diabetes is greater for women than men and varies depending on the level of the foregoing risk factors. An atherogenic lifestyle is typified by a diet excessive in calories, fat and salt, sedentary habits, unrestrained weight gain and smoking. Alcohol used in moderation may be beneficial. Oral contraceptives worsen atherogenic traits and, when used for long periods beyond age 35 and in conjunction with cigarettes, predispose to thromboembolism. Type A persons with an overdeveloped sense of time urgency, drive and competitiveness develop an excess of angina pectoris. Men married to more highly educated women are at increased risk as are men married to women in white collar jobs. Preclinical signs of compromised coronary circulation include silent myocardial infarction, left ventricular hypertrophy on the electrocardiogram, blocked intraventricular conduction and repolarization abnormalities. An electrocardiogram obtained during exercise may elicit still earlier evidence. Measures of innate susceptibility include a family history, history of premature cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension and gout. Optimal prediction of risk requires a quantitative combination of risk factors in multiple logistic risk formulations to identify high risk persons with multiple marginal abnormalities.
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PMID:Status of risk factors and their consideration in antihypertensive therapy. 354 87

Contributors to CHD include atherogenic personal attributes, living habits which promote these, signs of preclinical disease, and host susceptibility to these influences. Atherogenic traits include the blood lipids, blood pressure, and glucose tolerance. High LDL cholesterol is positively and high HDL cholesterol inversely related to CHD incidence. Hypertension, whether systolic or diastolic, labile or fixed, casual or basal, at any age in either sex contributes powerfully to coronary heart disease. The impact of diabetes on CHD is greater for women than for men and varies according to the level of the foregoing risk factors. The faulty life-style is typified by a diet excessive in calories, fat, and salt, a sedentary habit, unrestrained weight gain, and cigarettes. Alcohol used in moderation may be beneficial. Oral contraceptives worsen atherogenic traits and, when used for long periods beyond age 35 in conjunction with cigarettes, predispose to thromboembolism. Type A persons with an overdeveloped sense of time urgency, drive, and competitiveness develop an excess of angina pectoris. Men married to more highly educated women are at increased risk, as are men married to women in white-collar jobs. Preclinical signs of a compromised coronary circulation include silent MI, ECG-LVH, blocked intraventricular conduction, and repolarization abnormalities. Exercise ECG may elicit still earlier evidence. Measures of innate susceptibility include a family history of premature cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and gout. Optimal prediction of CHD requires a quantitative combination of risk factors in multiple logistic risk formulations that identify high-risk persons with multiple marginal abnormalities. Preventive management should also be multifactorial.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Psychosocial and other features of coronary heart disease: insights from the Framingham Study. 377 1

20 patients with an attack of acute gout participated in this double-blind study, ten patients received N-(2,6-dichloro-m-tolyl)anthranilic acid, sodium salt (meclofenamate sodium, Meclomen) and ten indometacin. The median time interval between onset of attack and onset of treatment was 11 h in the meclofenamate sodium group and 14 h in the indometacin group; medication was started with a dose of 200 mg meclofenamate sodium or 25 mg indometacin followed by 100 mg meclofenamate sodium or 25 mg indometacin every 4 h for the first 24 h. Thereafter patients received 100 mg meclofenamate sodium or 50 mg indometacin at 8-h intervals for 6 days. Similar improvement of intensity of spontaneous pain, swelling, tenderness of touch and degree of limitation of function was noted in patients of both treatment groups. This improvement could already be noted after 24 h of treatment and was sustained throughout the medication period and follow-up period. Adverse reactions were reported by 2 patients in the meclofenamate sodium group and by 5 patients in the indometacin group. The results of this double-blind study indicate that meclofenamate sodium in the dose administered was equally effective in relieving pain and inflammation and restoring restricted function in patients with acute gout as indometacin when used in the generally recommended dose for this indication. Meclofenamate sodium, even at these high dosage levels, was better tolerated than indometacin.
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PMID:Meclofenamate sodium in the treatment of acute gout. Results of a double-blind study. 634 48

Rheumatic diseases are prevalent in the elderly population, resulting in high morbidity caused mainly by lack of mobility. Consequently, the use of antirheumatic drugs in older persons is extensive. This review outlines some of the hazards encountered in the use of antirheumatic drugs in the elderly. Analgesics such as propoxyphene and acetaminophen are useful adjuncts to the treatment of arthritic pain, but propoxyphene has been associated with respiratory depression, and renal clearance of acetaminophen is reduced in elderly subjects. Salicylates may cause deafness, and like the other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, may cause salt and water retention resulting in congestive cardiac failure. Phenylbutazone should not be used because of the risk of blood dyscrasia, and indomethacin has been reported as interfering with the antihypertensive effect of beta-blockers. Chloroquine levels may be raised in patients with impaired renal function, and there is increased risk of retinal damage with the drug in elderly subjects. Injectable gold compounds and penicillamine are not contraindicated in the elderly, because they are just as efficacious as in younger persons for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Toxicity due to gold compound is not increased in the elderly, but skin rashes and abnormalities of taste do occur more commonly in elderly patients treated with penicillamine. Corticosteroids do not affect disease progression and therefore should be used only in acute severe disease for short periods of time. As in the younger population, treatment of gout in the elderly is dependent on renal function.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Problems of antiarthritic therapy in the elderly. 636 34


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