Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018099 (gout)
 5,192 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The atoll community of Fenuafala was surveyed during July-August, 1987. A disproportionate demographic structure was found: There was a large, young population with an uneven sex distribution in the adolescent cohorts. Adoption of relatives was frequent. Employment varied according to sex, with women restricted from horticulture, fisheries, and hard labour. The use of alcohol and tobacco was common. Causes of mortality included cancer, heart failure, meningitis, alcoholism, and accidents. Bacterial and fungal skin infections were prevalent. There were several cases of congenital disorders. Malaria, leprosy, and most other tropical diseases were absent. However, there was a single case of filariasis. Musculoskeletal disorders were numerous and more common among women. Falls from trees have resulted in serious sequelae including epilepsy and death. Hypertension, diabetes, and gout appear to be on the increase, but angina and myocardial infarction were not reported. There were also cases of epilepsy and Parkinson's disease.
Asia Pac J Public Health 1989
PMID:Fenuafala health survey: the ecology of health and disease on a coral atoll village. 280 43

Chronic illness is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity among the elderly. To determine the prevalence and factors associated with chronic illness among the elderly in a rural community setting. A cross sectional study design was used. Stratified proportionate cluster sampling method was used to select respondents in Mukim Sepang, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia. Out of 263 elderly residents (6.2% of the total population), 223 agreed to participate in the study giving a response rate of 84.8%. The prevalence of chronic illness among the elderly in Mukim Sepang was 60.1%. Out of 223 respondents, 134 were diagnosed as having chronic illness such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ischaemic heart disease, bronchial asthma or gout. Chronic illness was found to be significantly associated with functional dependence among the elderly (chi2=6.863, df=1, p<0.05). The prevalence of chronic illness among the elderly in the rural community is very high. Problems facing this age-group should be addressed comprehensively in order to formulate appropriate programmes for the health care of the elderly.
Asia Pac J Public Health 2004
PMID:Factors associated with chronic illness among the elderly in a rural community in Malaysia. 1562 88

Two systems were used to classify weight status based on body mass index (BMI) of 3,178 Taiwanese adults who participated in the 1993-1996 Nutrition and Health Survey and to explore associations of BMI categories and disease. In the system proposed by the International Association for the Study of Obesity and the International Obesity Taskforce for Asian adults, overweight was associated with one disease (hypertension) and obesity was associated with four diseases: diabetes (OR = 2.66; 95% CI = 1.39-5.09; p < 0.01); gout (OR = 4.33; 95% CI = 1.92-9.75; p < 0.01); hypertension (OR = 4.92; 95% CI = 2.87-8.42; p < 0.01); thyroid disease (OR = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.12-4.67; p < 0.05). In the system devised by Taiwan Health Department for Taiwanese adults, overweight was associated with four diseases (arthritis, diabetes, gout, hypertension), and obesity was associated with three diseases: diabetes (OR = 2.11; 95% CI = 1.07-4.19; p < 0.05); gout (OR = 4.06; 95% CI = 1.77-9.28; p < 0.01); hypertension (OR = 5.28; 95% CI = 3.23-8.63; p < 0.01). The Obesity Taskforce may underestimate the association of excess weight and disease in Taiwan.
Asia Pac J Public Health 2006
PMID:Association of obesity and chronic diseases in Taiwan. 1715 76

Innate and adaptive immune systems consist of cells and molecules that work together in concert to fight against microbial infection and maintain homeostasis. Hosts encounter microbes / exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) all the time and they must have proper mechanisms to counteract the danger such that appropriate responses (e.g., degree of inflammation and types of mediators induced) can be mounted in different scenarios. Increasing numbers of endogenous danger signals of host origin are being identified including, for example, uric acid and cholesterol crystals, high mobility group box1 (HMGB1) protein, oxidized LDL, vesicans, heat shock proteins (HSPs) and self DNA. Many of these endogenous ligands have been shown to be associated with inflammation-related diseases like atherosclerosis, gout and type 2 diabetes. Several DAMPs appear to have the ability to interact with more than one receptor. We are now beginning to understand how the immune system can distinguish infection from endogenous ligands elaborated following cellular insults and tissue damage. Appropriate responses to maintain the homeostatic state in health and disease depend largely on the recognition and response to these stimuli by germline encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) present on both immune and non-immune cells. These receptors are, for example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs), C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) and cytosolic receptors (e.g., RLRs, NLRs and some intracellular DNA sensors). Atypical PRR "danger" receptors, like the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and their ligands have been identified. A proper response to maintain homeostasis relies on specific negative regulators and regulatory pathways to dampen its response to tissue injury while maintaining the capacity to eliminate infection and induce proper tissue repair. Moreover, some PRRs (e.g., TLR2,TLR4 and NLRP3) and atypical PRRs can recognize both PAMPs and DAMPs, either as single entities or after forming complexes (e.g., immune complexes, or DNA- HMGB1 and DNA-LL37 complexes), so there must be a mechanism to selectively depress or alleviate the inflammatory response to DAMPs, while leaving that of PAMPs intact. Excessive inflammatory responses can induce considerable tissue damage and can be highly detrimental to the host. For example, CD24 reacting with HMGB1 and HSPs has been implicated to function as negative regulator for RAGE. In this review, I will briefly overview the information on various host and microbial components and bring together the information to synthesize a model to explain how homeostasis can be maintained in states of health and disease. Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which the immune system functions under different scenarios will provide us with ways and means to design appropriate approaches, for example, to prevent or treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases or the ability to design new drugs or formulate safe chemicals for vaccine adjuvants.
Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2011 Mar
PMID:Insight into the mechanisms regulating immune homeostasis in health and disease. 2156 Apr 83

The availability of new food choices has increased dramatically in recent times, whilst increasingly sedentary lifestyles have reduced calorie intake requirements. The present study uses 24 hour dietary recall data, and biochemical and anthropometric measurements from the 1993-1996 and 2005-2008 Nutrition and Health Surveys in Taiwan (NAHSIT) to investigate trends in dietary habits, and cardiovascular and metabolic disease markers in Taiwanese persons aged 19 years and above. We found that dietary habits in Taiwan are changing, particularly in regards to intakes of cakes and sweets, and sugary drinks. Energy intakes in young people have increased, and combined with an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, this may have led to the increase in obesity and associated metabolic diseases. Large increases in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertriglyceridemia and gout have been observed. Fortunately, some positive dietary and behavioral changes have also been observed; including an increased avoidance of products made from animal fats and oils' and a concomitant increase in the use of vegetable oil. Intakes of fruit and vegetables, soy products, fish, whole grains, nuts and seeds have also increased; and intakes of red meat, carbohydrates and sodium containing foods have decreased. These positive dietary changes could explain the lack of large changes in the prevalence of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, and the decrease in prevalence of hyperuricemia. Intake of dairy products remains low, and continues to be an important dietary issue in Taiwan.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2011
PMID:Diet and health trends in Taiwan: comparison of two nutrition and health surveys from 1993-1996 and 2005-2008. 2166 93

Hyperuricemia is a recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease. This study investigated trends in uric acid levels, hyperuricemia and gout among adults in Taiwan from 1993-1996 to 2005-2008, using data collection from, Nutrition and health surveys in Taiwan (NAHSIT) conducted in 1993-1996 and 2005-2008. Information on food frequency, medical history, physical measures and fasting blood parameters were analyzed. Mean uric acid levels decreased between 1993-1996 and 2005-2008 in both genders (6.77 vs 6.59 mg/dL in men and 5.33 vs 4.97 mg/dL in women) and the prevalence of hyperuricemia declined from 25.3% to 22.0% in men (p<0.0001) and from 16.7% to 9.7% in women (p<0.0001). However, the prevalence of gout (self-reported) increased (4.74% vs 8.21% in men and 2.19% vs 2.33% in women, p<0.0001). Reduced rank regression was used to identify dietary patterns that explained significant amounts of variance in uric acid. Frequency of consumption of lean meat, soy products and soymilk, milk, eggs, vegetables, carrots, mushrooms, fruit and coffee were negatively associated with hyperuricemia, whereas consumption of organ meats, bamboo shoots, and soft drinks were positively associated with hyperuricemia. The dietary factor score (DFS) composed of the frequency of above food items decreased from -5.40 to -6.00 between the two surveys (p<0.0001). In conclusion, uric acid levels and prevalence of hyperuricemia both declined, whilst self-reported gout increased between 1993-1996 and 2005-2008. Changes in dietary patterns may in part explain the decrease in uric acid levels between the two national surveys.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2011
PMID:Trends in hyperuricemia and gout prevalence: Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan from 1993-1996 to 2005-2008. 2166 99

Soyfoods have long been a part of traditional Asian diets; they provide plentiful amounts of high-quality protein and have a favourable fatty acid profile. In addition, provocative research suggests soyfoods offer health benefits independent of the nutrients they provide. However, there is a widely-held belief among Asian health professionals and the public that soyfoods increase risk of gout and potentially precipitate acute attacks in patients with this disease. To examine the veracity of this belief, this review critically evaluated the relevant clinical and epidemiologic data. In addition, background information on the etiology and prevalence of hyperuricemia and gout in Asia is provided along with the results of a small survey of Asian healthcare professionals about their attitudes toward soyfoods. Among the healthcare professionals who responded to the survey, 95% considered soyfoods to be somewhat or very healthy and nutritious. In contrast, 48% expressed the view that soyfoods are likely to cause gout. However, none of the six epidemiologic studies identified provided any evidence that soy intake was associated with circulating uric acid levels, hyperuricemia or gout. Data from the five human intervention studies evaluated indicate soy protein does elevate serum uric levels, but in response to amounts comparable to Asian intake, the expected rise would almost certainly be clinically irrelevant. Although there is a need for long-term research, on the basis of the existing data there is no reason for individuals with gout or at risk of developing gout to avoid soyfoods.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2011
PMID:Soyfoods, hyperuricemia and gout: a review of the epidemiologic and clinical data. 2185 53

Medicinal plants are part and parcel of human society to combat diseases from the dawn of civilization. Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fam. Combretaceae), is called the 'King of Medicine' in Tibet and is always listed at the top of the list of 'Ayurvedic Materia Medica' because of its extraordinary power of healing. The whole plant possesses high medicinal value and traditionally used for the treatment of various ailments for human beings. Some of the folklore people used this plant in the treatment of asthma, sore throat, vomiting, hiccough, diarrhea, dysentery, bleeding piles, ulcers, gout, heart and bladder diseases. The plant has been demonstrated to possess multiple pharmacological and medicinal activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, radioprotective, cardioprotective, antiarthritic, anticaries, gastrointestinal motility and wound healing activity. But no systematic updated information on the therapeutic effectiveness of Terminalia chebula, a popular herbal remedy in India and South-East Asia has so far been reported. This review highlights an updated information particularly on the phytochemistry and various pharmacological and medicinal properties of Terminalia chebula Retz. and some of its isolated compounds, along with their safety evaluation. This may provide incentive for proper evaluation of the plant as medicinal agent against the human diseases and also to bridge the lacunae in the existing literature and future scope which may offer immense opportunity for researchers engaged in validation of the traditional claims and development of safe and effective botanical medicine.
Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013 Mar
PMID:The development of Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae) in clinical research. 2362 Aug 47

Oleum azadirachti consists of the oil obtained from dried seeds of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (family: Meliaceae). Local names of Azadirachta indica A. Juss. are Abodua, aforo-oyinbo, anwe egyane, arista, azad dirakht, azadarakht, azedarach and bead tree. Indigenous to India, and widely distributed in South and South-East Asia and cultivated in Africa, the South Pacific Islands, South and Central America and Australia, and in southern Florida and California, United States of America, it is a straight-boled deciduous tree, which is 6-25 m high. Bark is dark-brown, externally fissured with a buff inner surface and fibrous fracture. Leaves alternately arranged, pinnately compound and up to 40 cm long, and composed of 8-18 short-petiolate narrow-ovate, pointed and curved toothed leaflets, 3-10 cm long and 1-4 cm wide arranged in alternate pairs. The major constituents are oxidized tetranortriterpenes including azadirachtin (azadirachtin A), azadiriadione, epoxyazadiradione, azadirone, nimbidin, nimbin, deacetylnimbin, salannin, gedunin, mahmoodin, 17-hydroxydiradione and related derivatives. It is of various medicinal uses, such as a contraceptive for intravaginal use, a mosquito repellent, and treatment of vaginal infections, treatment of gastric ulcers, cardiovascular disease, malaria, rheumatism and skin disorders, external applications for treatment of septic wounds, ulcers and boils, treatment of allergic skin reactions, asthma, bruises, colic, conjunctivitis, dysmenorrhoea, fever, gout, headache, itching due to varicella, kidney stones, leukorrhoea, psoriasis, scabies, sprains and muscular pain, and wounds. It is also used as an emmenagogue, tonic, stomatic and vermicide. In conclusion, the plant oil had antifertility, antihyperglycaemic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiulcer, estrogenic, immune, contraceptive, antibacterial, insect repellent, and skin treatment effects.
Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013 Oct
PMID:Review on pharmacological and toxicologyical effects of oleum azadirachti oil. 2407 52

A computer simulation of exposure at sea in the tropical Pacific supports the hypothesis that humans colonising this region have been subject to strong directional selection for a large muscular body. This is advanced as an explanation for the typical Polynesian phenotype, and suggestions are made linking this phenotype with the metabolic disorders of gout and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 1995 Dec
PMID:Polynesian body size: an adaptation to environmental temperature? 2439 24


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