Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018099 (gout)
 5,192 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study evaluated risk factors for age-related nuclear, cortical, posterior subcapsular, and mixed cataracts. The 1380 participants were ophthalmology outpatients, aged 40 to 79 years, classified into the following groups: posterior subcapsular only, 72 patients; nuclear only, 137 patients; cortical only, 290 patients; mixed cataract, 446 patients; and controls, 435 patients. In polychotomous logistic regression analyses, low education increased risk (odds ratio [OR] = 1.46) and regular use of multivitamin supplements decreased risk (OR = 0.63) for all cataract types. Dietary intake of riboflavin, vitamins C, E, and carotene, which have antioxidant potential, was protective for cortical, nuclear, and mixed cataract; intake of niacin, thiamine, and iron also decreased risk. Similar results were found in analyses that combined the antioxidant vitamins (OR = 0.40) or considered the individual nutrients (OR = 0.48 to 0.56). Diabetes increased risk of posterior subcapsular, cortical, and mixed cataracts (OR = 1.56). Oral steroid therapy increased posterior subcapsular cataract risk (OR = 5.83). Females (OR = 1.51) and nonwhites (OR = 2.03) were at increased risk only for cortical cataract. Risk factors for nuclear cataract were a nonprofessional occupation (OR = 1.96), current smoking (OR = 1.68), body mass index (OR = 0.76), and occupational exposure to sunlight (OR = 0.61). Gout medications (OR = 2.48), family history (OR = 1.52), and use of eyeglasses by age 20 years, which is an indicator of myopia (OR = 1.44), increased risk of mixed cataract. The results support a role for the nutritional, medical, personal, and other factors in cataractogenesis. The potentially modifiable factors suggested by this study merit further evaluation.
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PMID:The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study. Risk factors for cataract. 184 56

Rats fed a high galactose (30% galactose) diet (w/w) or made diabetic by injecting streptozotocin developed mature cataracts in approximately 45 and 90 days, respectively. Addition of allopurinol, a commonly used drug in the therapy of gout, to the high galactose diet or to the normal diet fed to diabetic rats advanced cataractogenesis in both the groups by approximately 50%. Allopurinol fed to control rats did not cause cataract formation. Feeding butylated hydroxy toluene (BHT), an antioxidant, prevented the allopurinol-induced advancement of cataract formation in galactosemic and diabetic rats. Assuming that these results are applicable in human subjects, there is need for caution in using allopurinol for the therapy of gout in diabetic subjects.
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PMID:Allopurinol promotes and butylated hydroxy toluene prevents sugar-induced cataractogenesis. 234 94

10 types of drugs in current use believed to induce cataracts are identified and the evidence of their role is presented. Allopurinol, an antihyperuricemic used to treat gout, may induce cataracts in young subjects after longterm treatment. Experimental results suggest a relationship between the rate of circulating allopurinol, the extent of exposure to ultraviolet light, and perhaps individual susceptibility. Amiodarone hydrochloride is a benzofurane derivative used to combat cardiac arrhythmia since 1960. Cataracts are infrequently observed in users and the complication may be encouraged by association with other medications. Use of anticholinesterasics to treat chronic or acute glaucoma leads to cataracts in 20-50% of cases according to different workers. The rate is about the same for all anticholinesterasics but may be higher in older subjects. The drugs should not be used if the tension can be controlled by parasympathicomimetics and epinephrine or perhaps carbon anhydrase inhibitors. If they are used, the patient should be carefully examined every 6 months for vacuoles. The smallest possible dose should be used. Synthetic antimalarials, the chelator deferoxamine, inorganic mercury, and the phenothiazines have all been associated with cataract formation. The risk of cataracts associated with corticoids increases with the amount of the daily dose and the duration of treatment, with individual susceptibility apparently also playing a role. Sex is not a factor but young children may be at greater risk. Among the cytostatics, the alkylants have been implicated in development of ocular lesions, although the metaphase inhibitor vincristine has been shown in vitro to be responsible for cataracts as well. There is some evidence that diphenyl hydantoine used with phenobarbitol to treat epilepsy may induce cataracts. Some cases of cataracts have been reported in young women using combined oral contraceptives (OCs) for whom no other etiology was found. The implicated OCs had higher hormonal contents than those currently in use. A prospective study by Faust and Tyler did not uncover any evidence of the etiologic role of OCs, but elsewhere a case was reported in which evolving cataracts were stabilized on termination of OC use. Another study found no increase in opacities after 6 months of treatment with OCs. Experimental evidence of a link was found in rabbits but the doses were so high that they cannot be considered to confirm a toxic effect in women using OCs. It appears difficult to establish a relationship except of coincidence between OC use and appearance of cataracts. OCs should not be reported to cause cataracts only because no other etiology has been found.
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PMID:[Cataracts]. 286 44

Long-term ingestion of allopurinol, an antihyperuricemic agent used to treat gout, may be related to the development of lens opacities in relatively young patients (second to fifth decades of life). Cataracts obtained from three patients taking allopurinol were subjected to high-resolution phosphorescence spectroscopy. The characteristic allopurinol triplet was demonstrated in all three cataracts. Identical spectra were obtained for normal human lenses incubated in media containing 10(-3)M allopurinol and exposed to 1.2 mW/cm2 ultraviolet radiation for 16 hours; control lenses (irradiated without allopurinol) showed no allopurinol triplets. Similar data were obtained for lenses from rats given one dose of allopurinol and exposed to ultraviolet radiation overnight. These data provide evidence that allopurinol can be photobound in rat and human lenses and suggest its cataractogenic potential.
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PMID:Allopurinol therapy and cataractogenesis in humans. 711 37

In order to identify previously undiagnosed cases of non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM) in general practice, we measured non-fasting blood-glucose in all risk patients (n = 1,790) between 35-69 years old belonging to 29 general practices in Kolding. Patients at risk for NIDDM were defined as those suffering from one or more of the following: overweight, arterial hypertension, coronary heart disease, hyperlipidaemia, stroke, gout, cataract, Dupuytren's contracture, peripheral atherosclerosis or recurrent urinary- or skin-infections. A positive result, defined as a non-fasting blood-glucose of > or = 8.0 mmol/l using the same stix-lot-nr. on Refloflux S machines, was found in 86 individuals. These were then followed up with two fasting blood-glucose measurements carried out in a central laboratory, whereby 34 patients with NIDDM were identified. The newly-diagnosed NIDDM patients mostly suffered from diseases related to the insulin resistance syndrome, and we thus recommend measurement of non-fasting blood-glucose as a screening procedure in such patients. When carrying out measurements in general practice, it is important to know the precision and accuracy of the apparatus used.
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PMID:[Selective screening for non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A study among 35-69 year-old patients at risk in general practice in Kolding]. 801 51

This study evaluated risk factors for increases in nuclear opacification of the lens in the Longitudinal Study of Cataract (1989-1993; Boston, Massachusetts), which included 764 participants. Baseline data on demographic, medical, and other risk factors were available from an earlier case-control study; follow-up visits were completed yearly over a 4-year period. The lens photographs taken at baseline and at each follow-up visit were graded using the Lens Opacities Classification System III protocol. Analyses evaluated which risk factors collected at baseline were related to increased nuclear opacification at follow-up. The MULCOX2 method, an extension of Cox regression for nested event-time data, was used to estimate the effects of the risk factors. This method accounted for the correlation between fellow eyes. Results showed that the risk of nuclear opacification increased with each year of age (relative risk (RR) = 1.07), white race (RR = 2.94), lower education (RR = 1.50), use of gout medications (RR = 2.32), current smoking (RR = 1.58), family history of cataract (RR = 1.39), and preexisting posterior subcapsular opacities (RR = 6.67). An association with early use of eyeglasses was also suggested (RR = 1.37). In conclusion, nuclear opacification was related to demographic and other variables, including potentially modifiable factors such as current smoking and use of gout medications. Most risk factors identified by this longitudinal study confirm those found by the original case-control study. The increased risk of nuclear opacities in whites appears to be a new finding.
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PMID:Risk factors for nuclear opalescence in a longitudinal study. LSC Group. Longitudinal Study of Cataract. 944 Mar 96

Since ancient times, plants and herbal preparations have been used as medicine. Research carried out in last few decades has certified several such claims of use of several plants of traditional medicine. Popularity of Momordica charantia (MC) in various systems of traditional medicine for several ailments (antidiabetic, abortifacient, anthelmintic, contraceptive, dysmenorrhea, eczema, emmenagogue, antimalarial, galactagogue, gout, jaundice, abdominal pain, kidney (stone), laxative, leprosy, leucorrhea, piles, pneumonia, psoriasis, purgative, rheumatism, fever and scabies) focused the investigator's attention on this plant. Over 100 studies using modern techniques have authenticated its use in diabetes and its complications (nephropathy, cataract, insulin resistance), as antibacterial as well as antiviral agent (including HIV infection), as anthelmintic and abortifacient. Traditionally it has also been used in treating peptic ulcers, interestingly in a recent experimental studies have exhibited its potential against Helicobacter pylori. Most importantly, the studies have shown its efficacy in various cancers (lymphoid leukemia, lymphoma, choriocarcinoma, melanoma, breast cancer, skin tumor, prostatic cancer, squamous carcinoma of tongue and larynx, human bladder carcinomas and Hodgkin's disease). There are few reports available on clinical use of MC in diabetes and cancer patients that have shown promising results.
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PMID:Pharmacological actions and potential uses of Momordica charantia: a review. 1518 17

Tissue damage due to oxidative stress has been implicated in aging, memory loss, and cataract formation. We hypothesized that persons who achieved exceptional longevity with preserved cognition (successful aging [SAG]) would exhibit a lower rate of age-related cataract (ARC) than the general population. The age-specific rates of ARC for a group of 100 (50 male, 50 female) elderly persons who reached at least age 90 years with preserved cognition were compared to the corresponding rates of ARC reported in five population-based studies. The principal finding of this report was that the SAG group manifested a significant reduction in the age-specific rate and lifetime cumulative incidence of ARC compared to the general population. Steroid use, alcohol consumption, gout, and skin lesions resulting from excessive sun exposure emerged as risk factors. Our findings suggest that the progressive development of lens opacities may be reflective of degenerative events occurring more generally throughout the body.
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PMID:Reduced age-related cataracts among elderly persons who reach age 90 with preserved cognition: a biomarker of successful aging? 1752 53

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) constitutes thorny nitrogen fixing deciduous shrub. Sea buckthorn(SBT) is primarily valued for its very rich vitamins A, B(1), B(12), C, E, K, and P; flavonoids, lycopene, carotenoids, and phytosterols. and therapeutically important since it is rich with potent antioxidants. Scientifically evaluated pharmacological actions of SBT are like inflammation inhibited by reduced permeability, loss of follicular aggregation of lymphocytes from the inflamed synovium and suppress lymphocyte proliferation. SBT-reduced recurrence of angina, ischemic electrocardiogram which might be due to decreased myocardial oxygen consumption and inhibition of platelet aggregation induced by collagen. SBT can kill both cancer cells of S180, P388, SGC7901 and lymphatic leukemia (L1200). The antiulcer activity may be related to reduce gastric empty time, inhibiting proteolytic activity and promoting wound reparation processes of mucosa. SBT exerts antihypertensive effect in part by blocking angiotensin-2 receptor on cell surface. SBT decreased the level of stress hormones and enhanced hypoxic tolerance in animals indicating its anti-stress, adaptogenic activity. A lot of research work is still needed to find cellular and molecular mechanisms of these activities and also yet to be explored for its activity in osteoporosis, hemorrhage, cataract, urinary stone, acne, psoriasis, polyneuritis, cheilosis, glossities, baldness, anti-obesity, gout, and chronic prostitis.
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PMID:Remedial Prospective of Hippophae rhamnoides Linn. (Sea Buckthorn). 2253 Jan 42

This study evaluated the effect of gout on the risk of dry eye disease (DED) by using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). Data for 30,192 gout patients (21,081 men and 9111 women) and 30,192 non-gout patients (21,005 men and 9187 women) were analyzed. Approximately 1 million patients were randomly sampled from the NHIRD registry. After applying exclusion criteria, patients diagnosed with gout were enrolled in the study group. Thereafter, each individual in the study group underwent the matching process via the propensity score with another non-gout individual, which constituted the control group. The main outcome was defined as the development of DED in accordance with the corresponding International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision. In addition to DED, other risk factors including age, sex, and urbanization, and several co-morbidities were included in the multivariate model. The incidence of DED with the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) and cumulative probability were evaluated in the gout and non-gout patients. A total of 2913 DED events were observed in the study group, whereas 2631 DED events were observed in the control group. A higher incidence rate ratio was found in the study group after adjustment (aHR: 1.065). Moreover, the cumulative probability indicated a significantly increased risk of DED in the study group (p = 0.001). The other potential risk factors of DED according to the multivariate analysis include older age, female gender, higher degree of urbanization, keratopathy, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, cataract, ischemic heart disease, hyperlipidemia, peripheral vascular disease, chronic pulmonary disease, rheumatic disease, peptic ulcer disease, liver disease, and malignancy. In conclusion, gout increased the risk of DED after adjustment, and the risk is positively correlated to a longer disease period.
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PMID:Gout as a Risk Factor for Dry Eye Disease: A Population-Based Cohort Study. 3063 89


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