Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0018099 (gout)
 5,192 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diseases of urban and rural Blacks in South Africa are reviewed. In rural Blacks the major problems are infection and malnutrition. Other important disorders include cancer of the oesophagus, liver and cervix, and rheumatic heart disease and cardiomyopathy. The diseases in urban Blacks are those of a population in transition. Characterised by all gradations of socioeconomic development, from the relatively primitive to the completely westernised, these people exhibit a correspondingly wide and varied range of disease embracing the afflictions of rural dwellers and the new diseases of the city. Whereas the prevalence of some of the former, such as infection and malnutrition, is declining, they still constitute a considerable problem in urban Blacks. More important is the increasingly serious impact of the new disorders, which may be divided into two groups: (a) a large range and variety of alcohol-related disorders with serious effects at the social, economic, psychological and physical levels; and (b) most, if not all, of the diseases encountered in western populations. Some of these, such as obesity and hypertension, have not only attained epidemic proportions among urban Blacks, but their prevalence may actually have exceeded that among Whites. Other conditions, such as coronary heart disease, gout, gallstones and colonic cancer, which emerged later, are relatively uncommon or rare. A plea is made for much greater epidemiological research. This is necessary in order to obtain reliable knowledge of the prevalence of disease, to determine the best ways of applying present knowledge with existing and future resources, and to obtain knowledge regarding both old and new diseases of which the pathogenesis is still obscure.
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PMID:Diseases in urban and rural Black populations. 85 Aug 43

Dark red nodules that drained an opaque amber liquid developed on the extensor surfaces of both legs in a 69-year-old woman receiving furosemide and spironolactone for congestive heart failure. In addition to asymptomatic cholelithiasis, the serum amylase, lipase, and uric acid levels were elevated. Other skin signs and joint manifestations of gout were absent. A biopsy revealed a granuloma with the needle-like crystals characteristic of gout.
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PMID:Panniculitis of the legs with urate crystal deposition. 85 33

Investigations made it possible to establish that in the period from 1925-28 to 1970-71 there took place in the Ukraine an increase in the consumption of animal products (milk, meat, fish, eggs), of sugar, vegetables, fruits and a fall in the consumption of cereals (bakery products, grits, macaroni, beans) and potato. Because of these dietary changes in the nutritional pattern of the population there were noted an elevated proportional share of proteins and fats, basically of animal origin, and a decrease in that of complex carbohydrates. A direct relation between the health status of the population and its alimentation has been ascertained; first--between the calorific value of the food products sets and their fat and carbohydrates content, on the one hand, and the body weight of the examined, on the other; and secondly--between the fluorine level in the food and the prevalence of fluorosis, caries, exostosis, aggravated by an imbalance of a number of nutritional components, on the other. Note has been taken at the same time of the fact that obese individuals suffer more often from cardio-vascular affections, gout, uro- and cholelithiasis and diabetes mellitus.
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PMID:[Nutrition and the state of health of the population of the UkrSSR]. 96 55

The therapeutic efficacy of cyclosporine (CsA) as an immunosuppressive agent was complemented by a modest, long-term incidence of toxic complications in 402 renal allograft recipients engrafted one to five years prior to analysis. The overall patient and graft survivals at one year were 97% and 84% (actual), and at five years 92% and 67% (actuarial). The immunosuppressive therapeutic index was excellent: only 12% of allografts were lost from rejection, with 5% of patients succumbing to infection. While infections were common, tending to emanate in the urinary tract or to be viral in etiology, they were generally mild and readily controlled. Only four patients displayed malignancies; none succumbed to this cause. The most common toxic complication was hypertrichosis, which was accentuated in pediatric patients. While tremors occurred in 20% of patients, primarily during the first three months, other neuroectodermal complications of parethesias, depression, somnolence, and seizures were rare. Hepatotoxicity, which was noted in 50% of patients, particularly recipients of cadaveric grafts, generally was first seen as a transaminase elevation, at least partially reversible by dose-reduction and abating by the third year. Associated disturbances of cholelithiasis and pancreatitis were occasionally observed. Nephrotoxicity was the only persistent, long-term complication. Hypertension occurred in 72% of patients during the first month, 36% in the second year, and about 15% thereafter. Hyperuricemia, which occurred in about 30% of recipients during the first two years, was occasionally associated with symptomatic gout. The mean serum creatinine level remained elevated throughout the follow-up period at 1.8-1.9 mg/dl, suggesting persistent, but nonprogressive, drug-induced renal injury. The present analysis documents the relative safety of CsA for long-term therapy, and highlights the need for new approaches to ameliorate drug-induced nephrotoxicity.
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PMID:Complications of cyclosporine-prednisone immunosuppression in 402 renal allograft recipients exclusively followed at a single center for from one to five years. 354 76

A postal survey among 2% of men in Leeds showed that the prevalence of urinary stone disease is 3.8%. The prevalence of upper urinary tract and spontaneously passed stones increases progressively from 0.7% in social class 5 to 5.0% in social class 1 but that of bladder stones (0.7% in the group as a whole) is independent of social class. There is an initial peak of upper urinary tract and spontaneously passed stones commencing at age 20 and having a projected prevalence at age 90 of 5.7% and a second peak of bladder stones, commencing about age 50, with a projected prevalence of 1.9%. The prevalence of stone disease increases according to the order: single less than divorced/separated less than married less than widowed men. A family history of stones tends to be higher amongst relatives of stone-formers than amongst the corresponding relatives of control subjects, the male/female ratio being 2:1. The occurrence of urinary stones is significantly associated with that of gallstones, high blood pressure, backache, arthritis and gout but not with that of peptic ulcer, diabetes, thyroid disease or bronchitis.
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PMID:Studies on the prevalence and epidemiology of urinary stone disease in men in Leeds. 622 82

A single amino acid substitution in the beta chain of hemoglobin (beta 6 glutamic acid leads to valine) is responsible for polymerization of deoxyhemoglobin S, and the sickling of red blood cells containing that hemoglobin. Sickled cells are rigid and inflexible, causing obstruction of small blood vessels, which in turn causes obstruction of small blood vessels, which in turn causes ischemic injury. Organs most frequently damaged include the spleen, bone marrow, liver, and kidney. Sickled cells also have a shortened survival; the hemolytic anemia they produce is responsible for aplastic crises, megaloblastic anemia, ankle ulcers, gallstones and gout. "Sickle cell lung disease" is a serious problem, since distinction between infection and infarction is difficult or impossible, and impaired oxygenation of the blood makes further sickling likely. Since the entire patient, not just his blood, is affected by the disease, treatment must go beyond transfusion and drug administration. Each patient presents a new constellation of problems, and therapy must be individualized if it is to be optimal.
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PMID:One view of the pathogenesis of sickle cell diseases. 662 67

The state of internal organs was studied in 447 patients with primary gout. Clinical, biochemical and instrumental methods were used during these researches. Alterations in kidney were found in 332 patients (74.7%), including 95 with signs of nephritic insufficiency. Pathology of kidney and biliary tract was marked in 187 (41.8%) patients. Multifunctions of fermental, lipid and protein exchange were also disclosed. During computer tomography and USI different alterations in kidney, liver, spleen and pancreas were diagnosed, such as cysts and round calcification. Gallstones were found in 57 patients and stones in kidney--in 164.
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PMID:[Gouty visceropathies]. 859 52

Experts agree that overweight and obesity pose a significant public health problem in the United States. Obesity is considered to be a complex, multifactorial disease involving genetics, physiology, psychology, and environment, and is influenced by cultural messages. Comorbidities linked to obesity include coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, gout, dyslipidemias, cholecystitis, and gallstones. Pharmacists can help patients with dietary goals by understanding sound principles of weight management.
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PMID:Nonpharmacologic treatment of obesity. 895 51

Several health hazards and social disabilities are associated with obesity. Increased mortality is associated with increased body weight. A high rate of mortality results from heart disease, diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, high blood pressure, and cancer. Physiologic cardiovascular changes occur, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and lipid abnormalities. Hypertension, stroke, and venous stasis are increased. Pulmonary abnormalities include obstructive sleep apnea, which can be associated with secondary polycythemia and right ventricular hypertrophy. Gallstones, gallbladder disease, and accumulation of fat on the liver are significantly increased. Gout and reproductive abnormalities in women are common. Osteoarthritis of the knees and spine occur, although osteoporosis is rare. Risk for endometrial and breast cancer is increased, particularly in the presence of increased central fat. Changes in the skin include stretch marks, acanthosis negricans, hirsutism, intertrigo, and multiple papillomas. Impaired psychosocial function is manifested as social isolation, loss of job mobility, increased employee absenteeism, and economic and social discrimination.
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PMID:Health hazards of obesity. 897 52

For this article, the literature on the pathophysiology, clinical features, natural history, prognosis, and management of the Eisenmenger syndrome in adults was reviewed. English-language articles from 1966 to the present were identified through a search of the MEDLINE database by using the terms Eisenmenger, congenital heart disease, and pulmonary hypertension. Selected cross-referenced articles were also included. Articles on the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, evaluation, natural history, complications, and treatment of the Eisenmenger syndrome in adults were selected, and descriptive and analytical data relevant to the practicing physician were manually extracted. The Eisenmenger syndrome is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance and right-to-left shunting of blood through a systemic-to-pulmonary circulation connection. Most patients with the syndrome survive for 20 to 30 years. The hemostatic changes associated with the syndrome may lead to thromboembolic events, cerebrovascular complications, or the hyperviscosity syndrome. Erythrocytosis is present in most patients, but excessive phlebotomy may cause microcytosis and exacerbate the symptoms of hyperviscosity. Other complications associated with the Eisenmenger syndrome include hemoptysis, gout, cholelithiasis, hypertrophic osteoarthropathy, and decreased renal function. Pregnancy or noncardiac surgery is associated with a high mortality rate in patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome. Because most pediatric patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome survive to adulthood, primary care physicians should have a thorough understanding of the syndrome; its associated complications; and medical and surgical management, especially with regard to the appropriate timing of phlebotomy and lung or heart-lung transplantation. In addition, patients with the syndrome should undergo routine follow-up at a tertiary care center that has physicians and nurses with special expertise in congenital heart disease. In patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome who are pregnant or require noncardiac surgery, a multidisciplinary approach should be used to reduce the excessive mortality associated with these conditions.
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PMID:The Eisenmenger syndrome in adults. 955 69


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