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Query: UMLS:C0017638 (glioma)
 30,880 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The causes of glioma, the most common type of primary malignant brain tumors, are poorly understood. This study compares personal histories of head injury and diagnostic radiation procedures of the head and neck among 476 adults newly diagnosed with glioma in the San Francisco Bay Area between August of 1991 and April of 1994 (82% of all those diagnosed during that time period) with 462 age-, gender-, and ethnicity-frequency-matched controls (63% of those eligible from random digit dialing). In addition, limited information was obtained from 101 controls during a brief telephone interview conducted with controls who declined participation in the lengthy in-person interview. Controls who participated in the full interview were much more likely than controls who only completed the telephone interview to report head injury [odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 2.3 (1.0-4.9) and 3.0 (1.6-5.8) for women and men, respectively]. The OR for any head injury in cases versus controls who completed the full interview was 0.9. However, OR for any head injury in cases versus both control groups was 1.3, 95% CI (1.0-1.7), and the OR for head injury for which the subject sought medical attention was 1.1, 95% CI (0.8-1.4). Among subjects completing the full interview, cases who responded by self-report were less likely than controls to report prior non-dental head and neck X-rays (OR = 0.7; 95% CI: 0.5-1.0). However, stratification by respondents' history of head injury indicated no difference in history of head and neck X-ray among those without prior head injury; OR 0.9; 95% CI (0.6-1.2). Cases and controls shared a very similar history of dental procedures and frequency of dental visits. These results suggest that head injury requiring medical attention, dental visits, or non-dental diagnostic X-rays to the head and neck are not important contributors to the risk of adult glioma and reveal some of the methodological obstacles encountered in forming convincing conclusions about these risk factors for brain tumors.
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PMID:Are prior head injuries or diagnostic X-rays associated with glioma in adults? The effects of control selection bias. 1096 36

HRAS rare alleles have been associated with the increased susceptibility to a variety of cancers. In the present study we examined the hypothesis that HRAS rare alleles are a risk factor for adult glioma in a population-based case-control study of adult glioma in six San Francisco Bay Area counties. We compared the prevalence of rare alleles in the variable number of tandem repeats region of HRAS in the germline DNA from 73 white adults who had gliomas with that of 65 controls. Overall, the prevalence of rare alleles in cases was not different from the prevalence of those in controls according to two definitions of rare alleles. We found that 25 of 73 (34%) of cases versus 25 of 65 (38%) of controls had at least one allele that was not 30, 46, 69, or 87 repeats; 4 of 73 (5%) of cases versus 6 of 65 (9%) of controls carried one or more alleles with 33, 39, 42, 53, 59, 63, 68, 105, or 114 repeats. The proportion of rare alleles was somewhat higher among subjects with anaplastic astrocytoma. Among women, cases were less likely than controls to have HRAS rare alleles, whereas among men, cases were slightly more likely to have HRAS rare alleles, but none of these results approach statistical significance. Our data do not suggest an excess of HRAS rare alleles among adult glioma cases.
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PMID:Lack of association of rare alleles in the HRAS variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) region with adult glioma. 1130 21

In the United States and the San Francisco Bay Area, whites are nearly twice as likely as non-whites to develop brain cancer. To test whether prevalence and types of alterations in the p53 pathway in brain tumor development may explain some of this difference in risk, we have analyzed the p53 status of astrocytic gliomas from a population-based sample of cases within our San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study. We identified mutations in exons 5-8 of p53 using DNA extracted from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks from 146 whites and 26 non-whites with astrocytic glioma by PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing. Tumor P53 protein (TP53) immunohistochemistry (IHC) available for 164 of these cases showed that tumors from 50% (13 of 26) of non-whites and 32% (44 of 138) of whites contained intense IHC staining for TP53, indicating persistence of TP53 protein. Irrespective of IHC status, tumors from 42% (11 of 26) of non-whites versus 13% (19 of 146) of whites contained p53 mutations (age/gender-adjusted odds ratio, 5.7; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-15.1; P = 0.0004). Patients with p53 mutation-positive tumors were also significantly younger than patients with mutation-negative tumors and somewhat more likely to be female. A higher proportion of tumors from non-whites than from whites had transition mutations, but there were similar proportions of transversion mutations in tumors from whites and non-whites. Whites and non-whites also had similar proportions of tumors with p53 mutations that stained intensely for TP53 (78 and 82%, respectively). Because whites have higher risk for glioma than non-whites in this population, that the gliomas from whites were less likely than those from non-whites to have p53 mutation suggests that whites may be more likely than non-whites to be at risk for the more common type of astrocytic gliomas, which do not contain p53 mutations.
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PMID:Ethnicity delineates different genetic pathways in malignant glioma. 1135 11

The authors previously reported statistically significant inverse associations between adult onset glioma and histories of chickenpox and shingles among 462 cases and 443 controls in the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study (1991--1995) and a suggestive but nonsignificant inverse association with immunoglobulin G antibodies to varicella-zoster virus in a small subset of these cases. This report considers antibodies to four common herpesviruses (varicella zoster, herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein Barr) among 134 cases and 165 controls that represent all subjects for whom usable blood specimens were available. The prevalences of immunoglobulin G antibodies to varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus were 90%, 71%, 57%, and 90%, respectively. After adjustment for age, White versus non-White ethnicity, and gender, glioblastoma cases were less likely than controls to have immunoglobulin G antibodies to varicella-zoster virus (odds ratio = 0.4; 95% confidence interval: 0.1, 0.9). They were also somewhat less likely to have antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus but somewhat more likely to have antibodies to herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus. Antibody prevalences to all four herpesviruses were similar between cases with other glioma histologies and controls. These results corroborate our previously suggestive findings of an inverse association of varicella-zoster virus antibodies with adult onset glioma.
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PMID:Prevalence of antibodies to four herpesviruses among adults with glioma and controls. 1144 50

Previous studies suggest an association between calcium consumption and glioma risk. In the present study, we compare consumption of calcium and other dairy components and foods (cholesterol, fat, protein, calories, milk, and cheese) of 337 astrocytic glioma case patients with 450 controls from the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study, 1991-1995. We use unconditional logistic regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) by gender controlling for age, education, and income. A statistically significant inverse association [p (trend) = 0.05] was observed for dietary calcium intake for women only [OR = 0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.24-1.03 for highest vs. lowest quartile of consumption]. In addition, we observed elevated ORs for highest vs. lowest quartiles of cholesterol intake among women and men (OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.00-4.28 and OR = 1.75, 95% CI = 0.92-3.31, respectively). Calcium may exert a protective effect through its known roles in apoptosis, DNA repair, and inhibition of parathyroid hormone production. Recent evidence suggests that parathyroid hormone may influence growth and dedifferentiation of astrocytoma cells. Finally, circulating estradiol might directly stimulate intestinal absorption of calcium and may therefore explain why the inverse association of calcium intake and glioma is confined to women.
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PMID:Dietary calcium consumption and astrocytic glioma: the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study, 1991-1995. 1175 80

Researchers at the University of California at San Diego (UCSD) are developing alanosine as a potential treatment for cancer [227466], [408222]. The compound was originally under development in collaboration with Triangle, which initiated its development in 1996 [227466], but later discontinued development of the compound [406677]. As of May 2001, UCSD's ongoing clinical trials of alanosine included phase II trials for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and phase I trials for acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL), while a phase II trial for glioma at UCSD had been suspended [408222]. Alanosine is an amino acid analog originally derived from Streptomyces alanosinicus. It interferes with the de novo synthesis of adenosine in both malignant and normal cells. In cancer cells that lack methyladenosine phosphorylase (MTAP, required in the salvage pathway), alanosine should deprive such cells (but not normal cells) of de novo synthesized adenosine [277968]. In early 1997, patients were being recruited for a phase II pilot efficacy trial of alanosine as a treatment for glioma and NSCLC, since a significant number of these tumor types lack MTAP and, it was hoped, would therefore be sensitive to alanosine [239280], [248260]. Phase I and II trials were completed in the 1980s by the NCI before they were discontinued because alanosine caused toxicity typically associated with chemotherapy, and did not produce significant response rates in common tumors such as breast or colon cancers. Researchers at UCSD found that some types of cancer lack MTAP, which was responsible for alanosine's previous clinical failure [227466]; phase II trials were being carried out at the university in 1997 [269338]. Triangle obtained an option for a worldwide license from the Regents of the University of California that expired in September 1998 (but had an option to extend the period for a further one year) [277968].
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PMID:Alanosine (UCSD). 1176 67

The causes of most adult gliomas are essentially unknown. Previous studies have indicated associations between immune system factors and the incidence of adult glioma, specifically that those individuals with certain allergic conditions may have decreased risk of glioma. We obtained detailed allergy histories for 405 adults newly diagnosed with glioma in the San Francisco Bay Area from 1997-1999 and 402 age-gender-ethnicity frequency-matched population-based controls. Seventy-nine percent of eligible cases or their proxies and 74% of eligible controls completed in-person interviews about allergies, age at onset, frequency, duration and severity. Overall, cases were less likely than controls to report any allergy (72% vs. 85%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.5 [0.3-0.7]); for self-reported cases (n = 269), OR = 0.7 (0.4-0.97) and for proxy-reported cases, OR = 0.3 (0.2-0.5). Pollen, dairy and nut allergies were significantly less common in cases than controls and most other allergens had odds ratios of less than one. There were no apparent trends with numbers of symptoms, route of exposure of allergen or reported severity of allergy, but there was a significant dose-response with increasing numbers of allergens (p < 0.0001 for linear trend among all cases vs. controls and p = 0.02 among self-reported cases only vs. controls). Although our work displays strong and consistent associations, future efforts must attempt to establish whether an immune system typified by proclivity to allergies, or an immunologic consequence of the allergies themselves, might be capable of preventing nascent brain tumors. The dominance of humoral immunity in the central nervous system is consistent with either of these models. Alternatively, common genetic or environmental causes for allergies and gliomagenesis may mediate or confound these observed inverse risks for allergies and gliomas, or other explanations may exist. Future work might reveal an important role for immunologic factors in gliomagenesis and potential preventative and/or therapeutic modalities.
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PMID:History of allergies among adults with glioma and controls. 1192 Jun 23

The etiology of gliomas is not well understood. Some jobs might involve sustained and elevated exposures to carcinogens. This study compares lifetime job histories of 879 glioma cases diagnosed between August 1991 to April 1994 and May 1997 to August 1999 in the San Francisco Bay Area and 864 controls. Logistic analyses compared longest and ever held occupations of 1 year or more for all astrocytic and nonastrocytic cases and controls overall with adjustment for age, gender, and ethnicity and separately for men and women. Two-fold or higher or statistically significant elevated odds ratios were found overall and in men among those with longest held occupations, as firefighters, physicians, material moving equipment operators, and janitors; such elevated odds ratios were also observed for longest-held occupations among male motor vehicle operators and personal service workers and female messengers, legal/social service workers, electronic equipment operators, painters, and food processors. Odds ratios of 0.50 or less, but not statistically significant, were found for those with longest held jobs as writers/journalists, biological scientists, paper workers, mechanics, chemists, and photographers/photoprocessors. This study supports previously observed occupational associations and is one of the few studies with sufficient numbers to separately analyze occupations by gender.
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PMID:Occupation and adult gliomas in the San Francisco Bay Area. 1280 17

Evidence from epidemiologic and experimental studies suggests that use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduces risk of colon and breast cancer. The association between use of aspirin and other NSAIDs and risk of adult glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) was evaluated among 236 incident GBM cases and 401 population-based controls frequency-matched on age, gender, and ethnicity from the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study. Cases (or proxies) and controls were interviewed in person between May 1997 and August 2000. Cases with self-reported GBM reported less use of at least 600 pills of all types of NSAIDs combined during the 10-year prediagnostic period than did controls (odds ratio (OR) = 0.53, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.3, 0.8). Findings were consistent for aspirin (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.3, 0.8), ibuprofen (OR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.2, 0.8), and naproxen/other NSAIDs (OR = 0.34, 95% CI: 0.1, 0.8). GBM cases also reported less use of acetaminophen than did controls (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.3, 1.0). Eliminating participants who initiated NSAID use within 2 years of diagnosis yielded similar results. These findings show an inverse association between NSAID use and GBM. Further studies are warranted to determine whether NSAIDs might be effective in the inhibition of GBM development or progression.
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PMID:Case-control study of use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and glioblastoma multiforme. 1519 30

We and others have reported previously that adults with glioma are 1.5- to 4-fold less likely than controls to report a variety of allergic conditions. The consistent nature of this relationship calls for a biological explanation so that preventative or therapeutic modalities can be explored. We enrolled 403 newly diagnosed adult glioma cases in the San Francisco Bay Area over a 3-year period using a population-based cancer registry and 402 age/gender/ethnicity frequency-matched controls identified via random digit dialing. We assessed total, food-specific, and respiratory-specific IgE in available case (n = 228) and control (n = 289) serum samples. IgE levels were associated with gender, age, smoking status, and ethnicity among cases and/or controls. Among the cases, IgE levels were not associated with aspects of glioma therapy including radiation, chemotherapy, or tumor resection. Total IgE levels were lower in cases than controls: age/gender/ethnicity/education/smoking-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for elevated versus normal total IgE was 0.37 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.22-0.64]. For the food panel, OR was 0.12 (95% CI, 0.04-0.41). For the respiratory panel, OR was 0.76 (95% CI, 0.52-1.1). Among respiratory allergies, late age of onset (>12 years) but not IgE levels defined a group with strong associations with risk (OR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.33-0.75). These results corroborate and strengthen our findings of an inverse association between allergic reactions and glioma by showing a relationship with a biomarker for allergy and cancer for the first time. Furthermore, the results indicate a complex relationship between allergic disease and glioma risk that varies by allergen and allergic pathology.
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PMID:Reduced immunoglobulin E and allergy among adults with glioma compared with controls. 1554 20


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