Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0017638 (glioma)
30,880 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A GTPase-activating protein (GAP) specific for Galphaz was identified in brain, spleen, retina, platelet, C6 glioma cells, and several other tissues and cells. Gz GAP from bovine brain is a membrane protein that is refractory to solubilization with most detergents but was solubilized with warm Triton X-100 and purified up to 50,000-fold. Activity is associated with at least two separate proteins of Mr approximately 22,000 and 28,000, both of which have similar specific activities. In an assay that measures the rate of hydrolysis of GTP pre-bound to detergent-soluble Galphaz, the GAP accelerates hydrolysis over 200-fold, from 0.014 to 3 min -1 at 15 degrees C, or to >/=20 min-1 at 30 degrees C. It does not alter rates of nucleotide association or dissociation. When co-reconstituted into phospholipid vesicles with trimeric Gz and m2 muscarinic receptor, Gz GAP accelerates agonist-stimulated steady-state GTP hydrolysis as predicted by its effect on the hydrolytic reaction. In the single turnover assay, the Km of the GAP for Galphaz-GTP is 2 nM. Its activity is inhibited by Galphaz-guanosine 5'-O-thiotriphosphate (Galphaz-GTPgammaS) or by Galphaz-GDP/AlF4 with Ki approximately 1.5 nM for both species; Galphaz-GDP does not inhibit. G protein betagamma subunits inhibit Gz GAP activity, apparently by forming a GTP-Galphazbetagamma complex that is a poor GAP substrate. Gz GAP displays little GAP activity toward Galphai1 or Galphao, but its activity with Galphaz is competitively inhibited by both Galphai1 and Galphao at nanomolar concentrations when they are bound to GTPgammaS but not to GDP. Neither phospholipase C-beta1 (a Gq GAP) nor several adenylyl cyclase isoforms display Gz GAP activity.
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PMID:A GTPase-activating protein for the G protein Galphaz. Identification, purification, and mechanism of action. 903 85

VILIP (visinin-like protein) is a member of the neuronal subfamily of EF-hand calcium sensor proteins. Members of this family are involved in the calcium-dependent regulation of the desensitization of signal cascades in retinal photoreceptors. To gain insight into the function of VILIP in cell signaling, we have transfected wild-type VILIP and mutant VILIP lacking the myristoylation consensus sequence into C6 glioma cells. Expression of wild-type VILIP did not significantly influence the desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors, which are coupled to adenylyl cyclase in C6 cells. However, VILIP expression increased the beta-adrenergic receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP (cAMP) level in these cells severalfold. The stimulatory effect was also observed after direct stimulation of the adenylyl cyclase with forskolin, indicating that VILIP acts downstream of receptor and G protein in the beta-adrenergic signaling pathway in C6 cells. In contrast, the nonmyristoylated mutant of VILIP reduced cellular cAMP levels in C6 cells. Myristoylated wild-type VILIP was associated in a calcium-dependent manner with membrane fractions during subcellular fractionation, presumably owing to a calcium-myristoyl switch. In contrast, association of nonmyristoylated mutant VILIP with membranes was strongly reduced. Thus, myristoylation and most likely the calcium-dependent membrane association of VILIP are important prerequisites for the activating effect of wild-type VILIP on cAMP accumulation in C6 cells. These results suggest that VILIP acts as a calcium sensor molecule that modulates cell signaling cascades, possibly by direct or indirect regulation of adenylyl cyclase activity.
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PMID:The neuronal calcium-sensor protein VILIP modulates cyclic AMP accumulation in stably transfected C6 glioma cells: amino-terminal myristoylation determines functional activity. 910 41

1. Four different phospholipase C (PLC)-activating P2Y receptors have been cloned and stably expressed in 1321N1 human astrocytoma cells. These include the human homologues of the P2Y1, P2Y2 and P2Y4 receptors and the rat homologue of the P2Y6 receptor. 2. The nucleotide selectivities of these four receptors have been compared directly by measuring inositol phosphate accumulation in response to nucleotides under conditions in which the initial purity and stability of agonist was rigidly assured and quantitatively assessed. 3. The P2Y1 receptor is specific for adenine nucleotides and slightly more sensitive to disphosphates than triphosphates. When expressed in 1321N1 astrocytoma cells, it couples selectively to the stimulation of PLC and not to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. 4. The P2Y2 receptor is activated by UTP and ATP with similar potency and is not activated by nucleoside diphosphates. Diadenosine terraphosphate is a potent agonist at this receptor. 5. The P2Y4 receptor is highly selective for UTP over ATP and is not activated by nucleoside disphosphates. 6. The P2Y6 receptor is activated most potently by UDP, but weakly or not at all by UTP, ADP and ATP. The P2Y6 receptor appears to be identical to the uridine nucleotide-specific receptor previously characterized in C6-2B rat glioma cells. 7. We have identified a P2Y receptor on C6 glioma cells that inhibits adenylyl cyclase but has no effect on PLC. This receptor exhibits a pharmacological selectivity similar but not identical to that of the P2Y1 receptor. When the P2Y1 receptor was expressed in these C6 cells, it conferred an inositol lipid signalling response to adenine nucleotides that was pharmacologically identical to that of the P2Y1 receptor. Thus, the P2Y receptor of C6 glioma cells represents an additional receptor that exhibits the classical pharmacological selectivity of a P2Y1-R, but which couples to adenylyl cyclase rather than to PLC.
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PMID:Pharmacological and second messenger signalling selectivities of cloned P2Y receptors. 913 7

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are thought to be important in mediating the agonist-induced phosphorylation and consequent desensitization of G protein-coupled receptor responses. NG108-15 mouse neuroblastoma X rat glioma cells express a wide range of G protein-coupled receptors and significant levels of GRK2. Therefore, to determine the role of GRK2 in agonist-induced desensitization of various G(s)-coupled receptors in NG108-15 cells, we stably transfected cells with a dominant negative mutant GRK2 construct (Lys220Arg). In homogenates prepared from cells overexpressing the dominant negative mutant GRK2, the acute stimulation of adenylyl cyclase by various receptor and nonreceptor agonists was the same as in control cells stably transfected with plasmid only. NG108-15 cells express both A2a and A2b adenosine receptors, which mediate activation of adenylyl cyclase, with both of these responses being subject to agonist-induced desensitization with a t1/2 of 15-20 min. In dominant negative mutant GRK2 cells, the rates of desensitization of A2a and A2b receptor-stimulated adenylyl cyclase were markedly slower than in plasmid transfected controls, with the latter being similar to wild-type cells. After a 20-min treatment with an adenosine agonist, the desensitization of A2a and A2b receptor-stimulated adenylyl cyclase in dominant negative mutant GRK2 cells was less than half that seen in plasmid transfected control cells. On the other hand, the agonist-induced desensitization of secretin and IP-prostanoid receptor-stimulated adenylyl cyclase was the same in dominant negative mutant GRK2 cells as in plasmid transfected control cells. These results indicate that in intact cells, GRK2 may mediate the desensitization of adenosine A2 receptors. Furthermore, there seems to be selectivity of GRK2 action between G(s)-coupled receptors because the agonist-induced desensitization of secretin and IP-prostanoid receptor-stimulated adenylyl cyclase was not affected by dominant negative mutant GRK2 overexpression.
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PMID:A dominant negative mutant of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 selectively attenuates adenosine A2 receptor desensitization. 918 65

Cholera toxin (CT) catalyses ADP-ribosylation of the alpha-subunit of stimulatory protein (Gs) leading to stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and elevated intracellular cAMP. Persistent treatment (24-48 h) of C6 glioma cells with cholera toxin (100 ng/ml) caused marked downregulation of Gs alpha (75-80%) which could not be mimicked by dibutyryl cAMP (1 mM) and forskolin (10 microM) over the same time periods suggesting that CT-mediated Gs alpha downregulation is independent of cAMP production. However, CT increased the expression of Gq/11 alpha proteins at 24 and 48 h of treatment. The increase in mRNA levels of Gq/11 alpha proteins preceded the increase in Gq/11 proteins. Such stimulatory effects of CT were mimicked by forskolin and dibutyryl-cAMP. These results suggest that CT-mediated downregulation of Gs alpha is independent of cAMP but CT upregulates the expression of Gq/11 alpha proteins in a cAMP-dependent manner.
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PMID:Enhanced degradation of stimulatory G-protein (Gs alpha) by cholera toxin is mediated by ADP-ribosylation of Gs alpha protein but not by increased cyclic AMP levels. 919 41

Chronic exposure of neuroblastoma x glioma (NG108-15) cells to substances that elevate intracellular cAMP levels results in morphological differentiation into a more neuronal-like phenotype. Here we report that forskolin-induced differentiation is accompanied by a biphasic regulation of stimulatory adenylyl cyclase (AC) signaling. While 1 day of forskolin exposure produces an initial increase in basal, [AIF4](-)-, and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1)-stimulated AC activities, stimulatory signal transduction is substantially reduced after complete differentiation of the cells (6 days). Western blot analysis revealed that these functional changes correlate well with changes in the quantity of G(s)alpha, the stimulatory component of AC. Additional forskolin-induced adaptations were found for PGE1 receptors, inhibitory G proteins and AC. These data demonstrate that neuronal differentiation of NG108-15 cells is associated with complex regulatory changes within the stimulatory PGE1 receptor system.
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PMID:Regulation of stimulatory adenylyl cyclase signaling during forskolin-induced differentiation of mouse neuroblastoma x rat glioma (NG108-15) cells. 927 81

A C6 glioma cell line stably transfected with the rat delta opioid receptor (C6delta) was used to characterize receptor binding and G protein activation by both peptide and nonpeptide delta opioid ligands. The ligand binding affinities for [3H]naltrindole and [3H]pCl-[D-Pen2,D-Pen5]enkephalin (DPDPE) were similar to those observed in monkey brain membranes. The nonpeptide agonists, BW373U86 and SNC80, as well as peptide agonist [D-Ser2, L-Leu5]enkephalyl-Thr maximally stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding by 640, 654 and 576%, respectively, over basal. The peptide agonists, DPDPE and deltorphin II, both stimulated [35S]GTPgammaS binding by 375%. Etorphine, diprenorphine, oxymorphindole and 7-spiroindanyloxymorphone were also partial agonists in this assay, although they were less efficacious than deltorphin II. Stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding by agonists was blocked completely by pertussis toxin pretreatment. Both delta-1 and delta-2 selective antagonists 7-benzylidenenaltrexone and a benzofuran analog of naltrindole displayed high affinity for the cloned receptor (0.04 and 0.08 nM) and antagonized the stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding by BW373U86 and DPDPE with similar potencies. Other evidence suggesting the lack of receptor subtypes includes the finding that stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding by receptor subtype selective ligands DPDPE and deltorphin II was not additive. BW373U86, SNC80 and DPDPE maximally inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase. These cells highly express a homogeneous population of delta opioid receptor that couple to inhibitory Go/Gi proteins. Ligand affinity for the delta opioid receptor correlates with ligand EC50 values for stimulation of [35S]GTPgammaS binding.
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PMID:Opioid efficacy in a C6 glioma cell line stably expressing the delta opioid receptor. 935 63

1. Aminoalkylindoles, typified by WIN 55212-2, bind to G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors in brain. Although cannabinoids inhibit adenylyl cyclase in NG108-15 neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid cells, cannabinoid receptor binding in these cells has not been described previously. This study compares pharmacological characteristics of [3H]WIN 55212-2 binding sites in rat cerebellar membranes and in NG108-15 membranes. 2. Although the KD of specified [3H]WIN 55212-2 binding was similar in brain and NG108-15 membranes, the Bmax was 10 times lower in NG108-15 than in cerebellar membranes. In both brain and NG108-15 membranes, aminoalkylindole analogues were relatively potent in displacing [3H]WIN 55212-2 binding. However, IC50 values for more traditional cannabinoids were significantly higher in NG108-15 membranes than in brain, e.g., the Ki values for CP55,940 were 1.2 nM in brain and > 5000nM in NG108-15 membranes. Moreover, sodium and GTP-gamma-S decreased [3H]WIN 55212-2 binding in brain but not in NG108-15 membranes. 3. These data suggest that WIN 55212-2 does not label traditional cannabinoid receptors in NG108-15 cells and that these novel aminoalkylindole binding sites are not coupled to G proteins.
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PMID:Binding of aminoalkylindoles to noncannabinoid binding sites in NG108-15 cells. 935 90

The present work was undertaken to study the metabolic response of C6 glioma cells to physiologically relevant doses of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the major active component of marijuana. At those concentrations (i.e. nanomolar range), THC produced a dose-dependent increase in the rates of glucose oxidation to CO2 and glucose incorporation into phospholipids and glycogen. The THC-induced stimulation of glucose utilization was (i) dose-dependent up to 100 nM THC, (ii) mimicked by the synthetic cannabinoid HU-210, and (iii) prevented by pertussis toxin and the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A. In contrast to THC, forskolin markedly depressed CO2 production, phospholipid synthesis and glycogen synthesis from glucose. The forskolin-induced inhibition of glucose utilization was (i) mimicked by dibutyryl-cAMP, and (ii) prevented by THC, HU-210 and H-7, an inhibitor of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Likewise, THC was able to antagonize in part the forskolin-induced elevation of intracellular cAMP concentration, and this antagonistic effect was prevented by SR141716A. However, THC per se did not affect basal cAMP concentration. Results thus indicate that physiologically relevant doses of THC stimulate glucose metabolism in C6 glioma cells through a cannabinoid receptor-mediated process. Although cannabinoid receptors may be coupled to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in C6 glioma cells, this does not seem to be the mechanism involved in the THC-induced stimulation of glucose metabolism.
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PMID:Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol stimulates glucose utilization in C6 glioma cells. 936 16

Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) is a key second messenger in signaling pathways governing many cellular processes. To define the subcellular localization and relative abundance of cAMP, we developed a novel immunochemical approach based on acrolein fixation to visualize cAMP within cells. We describe here the fixation and immobilization of cAMP within cells and the production of specific, high titer polyclonal antibodies that recognize cAMP. Relative levels of cAMP immunofluorescence were quantitated in glial cells (oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, Schwann cells, and glioma cells) that were either untreated or treated with activators of endogenous adenylyl cyclase to raise cAMP levels. In treated cells, cAMP immunofluorescence is strongly localized in the perinuclear cytoplasm.
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PMID:Immunochemical visualization and quantitation of cyclic AMP in single cells. 939 84


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