Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017638 (glioma)
 30,880 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Western blot analysis was used to characterize the antibody response of melanoma patients during immunization with vaccinia-virus-induced melanoma cell lysates (VMCL). Strong antibody responses were detectable within 4 weeks from commencement of immunization against different fractions (from 3 to 10) in blots of VMCL. The approximate MW of the main fractions identified were 100, 91, 85, 77, 64-66, 49, 46, 43 and 34-36 kDa. Comparison of the reactivity of the sera with extracts of vaccinia virus suggested that the reactivity against VMCL was not against viral antigens in the lysates. Studies on autologous extracts from 7 patients immunized with VMCL indicated that the majority of the fractions identified in extracts of VMCL were also identified in autologous extracts of melanoma cells. This indicated vaccine-induced responses against the patients' tumor cells and not merely against alloantigens in the vaccine. Sera from the immunized patients appeared to identify a number of fractions of similar MW in extracts of colon and glioma cells, suggesting that the responses were not specific for melanoma. Possible exceptions were reactivity against melanoma fractions of 85, 64-66 and 36 kDa. Our studies provide evidence for the effectiveness of VMCL in inducing antibody responses against autologous melanoma cells and form a basis for subsequent biochemical and genetic analysis of the antigens identified by antibody responses in immunized patients.
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PMID:Western blot analysis of serological responses following immunization with vaccinia viral lysates of melanoma cells. 221 Aug 82

We have identified the major cellular endoprotease that activates the fusion (F) glycoprotein of measles virus (MV) and have engineered a serine protease inhibitor (serpin) to target the endoprotease and inhibit the production of infectious MV. The F-protein precursor of MV was not cleaved efficiently into the mature F protein in human colon carcinoma cells lacking functional furin, indicating that furin is the major enzyme responsible for activation of the MV F protein. A human serpin alpha 1-antitrypsin variant was engineered to specifically inhibit furin. When expressed from a recombinant vaccinia virus in primate cells infected by MV, the engineered serpin (alpha 1-PDX) specifically inhibited furin-catalyzed cleavage of the F-protein precursor without affecting synthesis of other MV proteins. We generated human glioma cells stably expressing alpha 1-PDX. MV infection in these cells did not result in syncytia. The infected cells produced all the MV proteins, but the F-protein precursor remained largely uncleaved. This did not prevent virus assembly. However, the released virions contained inactive F-protein precursor rather than mature F protein, and infectious-virus titers were reduced by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude. These results show that a mature F protein is not required for the assembly of MV but is crucial for virus infectivity. The engineered serpin may offer a novel molecular antiviral approach against MV.
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PMID:Engineered serine protease inhibitor prevents furin-catalyzed activation of the fusion glycoprotein and production of infectious measles virus. 770 52

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the antitumor effects of recombinant vaccinia virus-p53 (rVV-p53) in combination with radiation therapy against the C6 rat glioma, a p53 deficient tumor that is relatively radioresistant. VV-LIVP, the parental virus (Lister strain), was used as a control. Localized treatment of subcutaneous C6 tumors in athymic mice with either rVV-p53 or VV-LIVP together with tumor irradiation resulted in low tumor incidence and significantly slower tumor progression compared to the agents given as single modalities. Assays of blood and spleen indicated that immune system activation may account, at least partly, for the enhance tumor inhibition seen with combined treatment. No overt signs of treatment-related toxicity were noted.
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PMID:Evaluation of radiation effects against C6 glioma in combination with vaccinia virus-p53 gene therapy. 977 5

The use of vaccinia virus vectors for cancer gene therapy may become a powerful method to achieve efficient anti-tumor effects. We used recombinant vaccinia virus expressing wild-type p53 (rVV-p53) to examine the biological effects of exogenous tumor suppressor p53 in human (U-373MG, U-87MG, LN-Z308) and rat glioma cells (9L, C6) in vitro. All glioma cell lines infected with rVV-p53 exhibited growth inhibition and underwent apoptosis as demonstrated by morphological studies using nuclear staining and flow cytometry. The key role of p53 in cell growth inhibition was confirmed as measured by colony forming efficiency. Growth inhibition and apoptosis were independent of the endogenous p53 status of the glioma cell lines.
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PMID:Vaccinia virus-mediated expression of wild-type p53 suppresses glioma cell growth and induces apoptosis. 1020 Mar 33

The ability of certain viruses to lyse cancer cells suggests that they may have potential as oncolytic agents. We investigated the effect of vaccinia virus (VV) and its recombinant derivatives (recVV2, rVV-p53) on growth of C6 rat glioma cells that form fast growing tumors in athymic nude mice. VV effectively infected C6 cells in vitro, inducing high level of foreign gene expression. Most of C6 cells infected in vitro with rVV-p53 expressing the tumor suppressor p53 protein showed apoptosis specific morphological changes in DAPI-stained nuclei and DNA fragmentation pattern on gel electrophoresis; infection with VV induced low level of cell apoptosis. In an ex vivo experiment, VV-infected C6 cells were implanted s.c. in athymic nude mice and tumor development was monitored. In contrast to the control PBS group, most of mice implanted with infected cells remained tumor free until the end of the observation period. In an in vivo experiment, injection of VV or rVV-p53 after the C6 cells had been implanted in nude mice induced effective inhibition of tumor growth in comparison with control PBS groups. The oncolytic effect was greater with rVV-p53, apparently due to overexpressed p53 and p53-mediated cell apoptosis. In study of virus virulence we did not observe disease symptoms in athymic mice infected with a high dose of VV. Experimental results indicate that vaccinia virus itself and vaccinia-mediated delivery of therapeutic genes represent novel potential strategies for tumor therapy.
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PMID:Antitumor effect of vaccinia virus in glioma model. 1052 73

Our previous studies have shown that vaccinia virus (VV) expressing p53, interleukin-2 (IL-2), and interleukin-12 (IL-12) results in an effective inhibition of subcutaneous glioma growth in mice. We propose that combination therapy of tumors with virus-mediated p53 and cytokine genes offers the prospect of synergistic antitumor response. In this work, the antitumor efficacy of VV-mediated combination of p53, IL-2, and IL-12 genes was evaluated in a nude mouse model. To minimize cytokine-associated toxicity, a virus dose as low as 10 plaque-forming units of VV expressing IL-2 and IL-12 per animal was used alone and together with 2 x 10(7) plaque-forming units of VV expressing p53. Intratumoral treatment of established C6 glioma with recombinant viruses rVV-p53, rVV-mIL2, rVV-mIL12, and rVV-2-12 induced the prolonged expression of p53, IL-2, IL-12, and both cytokines simultaneously. The combination of rVV-p53/rVV-mIL 2 or rVV-p53/rVV-2-12 resulted in significant tumor inhibition compared to single modality treatment (P<.05). rVV-p53/rVV-2-12 therapy was associated with significant elevation of natural killer, Mac-1+, and NKT cells in blood and interferon-gamma, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression in tumors. The difference in the inhibition of tumor growth between the rVV-p53/rVV-mIL2 combination and rVV-p53 was statistically insignificant. These data demonstrate that gene therapy based on VV-mediated combination of p53, IL-2, and IL-12 treatment may be a promising adjunctive strategy for glioma treatment.
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PMID:Evaluation of combined vaccinia virus-mediated antitumor gene therapy with p53, IL-2, and IL-12 in a glioma model. 1112 86

Recombinant viruses can produce cytokines in tumors mobilizing an immune response to tumor cells. In this study, the authors investigated gene expression, in vivo antitumor efficacy, and safety of attenuated recombinant vaccinia virus (rVV) carrying murine cytokine genes interleukin (IL)-2 (rVV-mIL-2), IL-12 (rVV-mIL-12), and both IL-2 and IL-12 (rVV-2-12) in an athymic nude mice model. Significant tumor inhibition (p < 0.05) was observed in a preestablished subcutaneously implanted C6 glioma model using rVVs at doses ranging from 10(2) to 10(7) plaque forming units (PFU). An antitumor effect did not depend on the dose of the rVV-mIL-2 and rVV-mIL-12 viruses. All constructed rVVs induced a high level of cytokine expression in vitro and in vivo. Most groups injected with high doses of recombinant viruses encoding cytokine genes (10(5) to 10(7) PFU) showed signs of cytokine toxicity, whereas in the low-dose treatment groups (10(2) to 10(3) PFU) toxicity was greatly reduced. The antitumor activity of rVV-mIL-12 was associated with increases in both the percentage and number of natural killer T cells in the spleen. Local detection of interferon-y and tumor necrosis factor-alpha was also correlated with tumor growth arrest induced by the treatment. High-dose VV control vector per se induced tumor inhibition by activating Mac-1+ cells in blood, but the antitumor effect was less pronounced compared with rVV-carrying cytokine genes (p < 0.05). These results suggest that attenuated recombinant strains of VV at low doses may potentially be efficient vectors for cancer immunotherapy.
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PMID:Low-dose vaccinia virus-mediated cytokine gene therapy of glioma. 1121 Nov 48

The overall goal of this study was to analyze the effect and mechanism of radiation in combination with vaccinia viruses (VV) carrying the p53 gene against glioma. Comparison of two alternative treatments of cultured C6 (p53(+)) and 9L (p53(-)) rat glioma cells showed significantly reduced survival for both cell lines, especially 9L, when radiation was applied prior to virus versus radiation alone. High p53 protein expression mediated by VV-TK-p53 was measured in infected cells. Single modality treatment of C6 cells with psoralen and UV (PUV)-inactivated VV-TK-p53 (PUV-VV-TK-53) or radiation significantly decreased survival compared with PUV-inactivated L-15 (PUV-L-15) control virus. However, no difference was observed between radiation and combination treatments of C6 cells. In contrast, radiation followed by PUV-VV-TK-53 resulted in dramatic reduction of 9L cell viability, compared to single modality treatment. Flow cytometry analysis of Annexin-V-stained 9L cells showed that radiation and PUV-VV-TK-53 caused a significant decrease in live cells (17.2%) as compared to other treatments and control (61.6-98.3%). Apoptosis was observed in 37.2% of cells, while the range was 0.7-7.8% in other treatment groups; maximal p53 level was measured on day 7 post-infection. In athymic mice bearing C6 tumors, VV-TK-53 plus radiation in both single and multiple therapies resulted in significantly smaller tumors by day 30 compared to the agents given only once. Immunohistochemical analysis of tumor sections demonstrated p53 protein expression over 20 days after VV-TK-53 treatment. Analysis of blood and spleen cells of mice given multiple combination treatments showed significant splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and increased DNA synthesis and response to mitogen. Multiple combination treatments were also associated with significantly elevated natural killer and B cells in the spleen. There were no overt toxicities, although depression in red blood cell and thrombocyte parameters was noted. Collectively, the data demonstrate that radiation significantly improves the efficacy of VV-mediated tumor suppressor p53 therapy and may be a promising strategy for glioma treatment. Furthermore, the results support the conclusion that the mechanisms underlying the enhanced anti-tumor effect of combination treatment include apoptosis/necrosis and upregulation of innate immune defenses.
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PMID:Radiation enhances the anti-tumor effects of vaccinia-p53 gene therapy in glioma. 1277 53

Gene therapy using viral vectors for the treatment of primary brain tumors has proven to be a promising novel treatment modality. Much effort in the past has been placed in utilizing replication-defective viruses to this end but they have shown many disadvantages. Much recent attention has been focused on the potential of replication-competent viruses to discriminatingly target, replicate within, and destroy tumor cells via oncolysis, leaving adjacent post-mitotic neurons unharmed. The engineered tumor-selective herpes simplex-1 virus (HSV-1) mutants G207 and HSV1716 have completed Phase I investigations in the treatment of recurrent high-grade glioma. The results of these clinical trials are reviewed here. This review also aims to examine the manipulation and development of other viruses for the treatment of malignant glioma, including Newcastle disease virus, reovirus, poliovirus, vaccinia virus, and adenoviruses, in particular the adenovirus mutant ONYX-015.
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PMID:Oncolytic viruses: clinical applications as vectors for the treatment of malignant gliomas. 1468 72

As a new anticancer treatment option, vaccinia virus (VACV) has shown remarkable antitumor activities (oncolysis) in preclinical studies, but potential infection of other organs remains a safety concern. We present here genome comparisons between the de novo sequence of GLV-1h68, a recombinant VACV, and other VACVs. The identified differences in open reading frames (ORFs) include genes encoding host-range selection, virulence and immune modulation proteins, e.g., ankyrin-like proteins, serine proteinase inhibitor SPI-2/CrmA, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor homolog CrmC, semaphorin-like and interleukin-1 receptor homolog proteins. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that GLV-1h68 is closest to Lister strains but has lost several ORFs present in its parental LIVP strain, including genes encoding CrmE and a viral Golgi anti-apoptotic protein, v-GAAP. The reduced pathogenicity of GLV-1h68 is confirmed in male mice bearing C6 rat glioma and in immunocompetent mice bearing B16-F10 murine melanoma. The contribution of foreign gene expression cassettes in the F14.5L, J2R and A56R loci is analyzed, in particular the contribution of F14.5L inactivation to the reduced virulence is demonstrated by comparing the virulence of GLV-1h68 with its F14.5L-null and revertant viruses. GLV-1h68 is a promising engineered VACV variant for anticancer therapy with tumor-specific replication, reduced pathogenicity and benign tissue tropism.
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PMID:The highly attenuated oncolytic recombinant vaccinia virus GLV-1h68: comparative genomic features and the contribution of F14.5L inactivation. 1970 52


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