Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017638 (glioma)
 30,880 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor with astrocytic differentiation and extracranial metastases in a 28-day-old infant is reported. The infant presented with a progressively enlarged head, cutaneous lesions in the neck, and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. A computed tomography brain scan demonstrated a giant thalamic tumor with subarachnoid dissemination and hydrocephalus. Biopsy material from the cervical lesions showed a picture of glioma with anaplastic astrocytes. The patient received a ventriculoperitoneal shunt operation and palliative chemotherapy, but died at 3 months of age. Autopsy was performed. Histological studies, which included immunohistochemical stains of the thalamic tumor, showed small, round, primitive, neoplastic cells with focal astrocytic differentiation.
 ...
PMID:Congenital cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor with astrocytic differentiation and extracranial metastases. 216 35

Harvey Cushing made fundamental and seminal contributions to pediatric neurosurgery. Early in his surgical career, he described the diagnosis and treatment of subdural hematomas in newborn infants. Important investigations on the cerebrospinal fluid and the nature of hydrocephalus were carried out under his direction, first by Walter Dandy and Kenneth Blackfan in the Hunterian Laboratory at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, and shortly afterward by Lewis Weed at the Laboratory of Surgical Research at Harvard. Cushing's principle interest throughout his professional career was the surgical treatment of brain tumors. By his careful clinical examination of patients. Cushing described for the first time a typical and composite picture of the more common tumors of the posterior fossa in children, particularly the cerebellar astrocytomas and medulloblastomas. Percival Bailey, working under Cushing's supervision at Harvard, studied and classified the glioma group of brain tumors. This contribution by Bailey was a major factor in the understanding of the characteristics and natural history of these tumors. In the closing years of Cushing's surgical practice, he published three major papers summarizing the characteristics, clinical picture, and treatment of the more common brain tumors in the pediatric age group. As a result of his exceptional surgical skill and innovations, he was able to achieve a surgical mortality of only 4% in operations on brain tumors in children. These landmark papers secured Cushing's place as a pioneer in pediatric neurosurgery.
 ...
PMID:Harvey Cushing and pediatric neurosurgery. 223 66

Using RG-C6 glioma-transplanted rats, we studied precontrast and postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging, extravasation of Evans blue, and histology. In all rats, tumor was enhanced with gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA). The necrotic portion in the tumor, however, was not enhanced. Hemorrhage and hydrocephalus were clearly visualized on both the precontrast and postcontrast images. Blood-brain barrier-disrupted areas stained with Evans blue and areas enhanced with Gd-DTPA on magnetic resonance imaging were nearly consistent. It is suggested that the mechanism of brain tumor enhancement with Gd-DTPA on magnetic resonance imaging is simply related to the degree of alteration of the blood-brain barrier. The Gd-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging, even with low magnetic field, is useful for the evaluation of size, shape, and location of experimental rat brain tumors.
 ...
PMID:Magnetic resonance imaging of experimental rat brain tumors: histopathological evaluation. 224 1

A case of neurogenic pulmonary edema due to hydrocephalus, without initial neurological deficit, is described. Computed tomography demonstrated a ring enhancing lesion in the tectum of the mesencephalon obstructing the aqueduct of Sylvius. The lesion, on autopsy, was a rare mesencephalic glioma described in the literature as a "pencil glioma" of the aqueduct.
 ...
PMID:Aqueductal (pencil) glioma presenting as neurogenic pulmonary edema: a case report. 194 35

The MR scans of 18 patients with nontumoral aqueductal stenosis and six patients with neoplastic stenosis of the aqueduct were reviewed in order to document and understand the variable appearance of the aqueduct and periaqueductal region on MR. The mesencephalic tectum is often distorted in patients with benign aqueductal narrowing. This distortion results in a number of different MR appearances ranging from an elongated and thin to a short and broad tectum. When compressed by a dilated suprapineal recess, the distorted tectum is sometimes difficult to differentiate from the bulbous enlargement caused by a tectal glioma. Patients in whom distortion of the tectum is the result of hydrocephalus and aqueductal stenosis should be recognized to avoid unnecessary diagnostic procedures and misdiagnosis.
 ...
PMID:MR of aqueductal stenosis: evidence of a broad spectrum of tectal distortion. 250 78

Two patients, a 5-year-old girl and a 3-year-old boy, with documented neurofibromatosis (NF-1) and visual pathway gliomas are reported. In the first patient, the tumor was a typical pilocytic astrocytoma confined to the proximal half of the right optic nerve just near the globe. The tumor was excised; after a follow-up of 7 years recurrence has not occurred. The second patient had a glioma of the left optic nerve, with involvement of the chiasm, optic tracts, probably lateral geniculate body, optic radiations and basal ganglia. Biventricular hydrocephalus, possibly due to the occlusion of Monro's foramina, was also noted. In this case, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was superior to computed tomography for visualizing the posterior extension of the lesions. The patient received X-ray therapy and after a follow-up of 3 years the clinical symptomatology remains stationary. It is suggested that the optic pathway involvement detected by MRI may represent a dysplastic element NF-1 rather than a truly neoplastic change.
 ...
PMID:Optic pathway gliomas in neurofibromatosis. 251 16

The sensory and motor deficits of the CNS are varied, depending on the etiologic factors and the structures involved. Nevertheless, the clinical picture is predictable, provided one has an adequate knowledge of the neuroanatomy and the functions of the different fiber tracts, nuclei, and other specific regions of the brain and spinal cord. The purpose of this section is to provide an overall view of the sensory and motor deficits of the CNS, which will enable the clinician to treat these patients in a more objective and effective manner. Etiologically, the diseases affecting the CNS can be grouped under the following categories: congenital, traumatic, inflammatory, neoplastic, and degenerative. Congenital conditions usually manifest in infancy and childhood. Examples are hydrocephalus, spina bifida, and Arnold-Chiari malformation. There are a host of other conditions, but the discussion in this article is confined to the more common entities. Traumatic conditions such as cerebral concussion, contusion, laceration, hematomas--extradural, subdural, or intracerebral--and spinal cord injuries can occur in any age group, though their incidence is higher during the more active period of life (20 to 35 years). Automobile accidents are by far the most common etiologic factor for the traumatic lesions. Others, such as falls, gunshot and stab wounds, and so forth account for the remainder. Among the inflammatory conditions, three conditions are important: brain abscess, meningitis, and transverse myelitis. Though brain abscess develops by direct extension from an adjacent focus of infection, often it forms as a result of metastatic infection, chiefly from lung abscess or bronchoectasis. It behaves more like an intracranial space occupying lesion. Of the various types of meningitis, meningococcal meningitis is the commonest. Transverse myelitis may be caused by viruses or bacteria. The clinical picture resembles that of spinal cord injury. Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord present a wide and varied spectrum. They may be benign or malignant. Meningioma and neurofibroma are essentially benign lesions. Malignant tumors can be primary or secondary. Gliomas and specifically astrocytomas are the commonest primary malignant tumors. The commonest sites of metastatic tumors are lung, breast, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. The clinical picture will depend on the location of the tumor and the structures pressed upon or infiltrated. Any age group can be affected. Many of the malignant tumors are slowly and relentlessly progressive. Complete surgical extirpation where possible, followed by radiation therapy, is the treatment of choice. Chemotherapy has not been of much benefit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Sensory and motor deficits of central nervous system origin. 268 39

Seven patients with supratentorial gliomas developed leptomeningeal gliomatosis (LMG) without symptomatic recurrence at the primary tumor site. In all, severe back and radicular pain, often simulating disc disease, preceded the development of spinal cord or cauda equina dysfunction. In 4 instances, intracranial hypertension due to hydrocephalus developed prior to spinal involvement. Cytological examination of the CSF revealed malignant cells in only 2/7 but a myelogram was diagnostic in all 7. All patients received spinal irradiation (RT) and 5 received chemotherapy. Two patients with low-grade gliomas improved transiently; 5 with malignant gliomas responded poorly, became paraplegic over 4 months and eventually died of LMG. When fatal LMG occurs in young adults suffering from supratentorial glioma, the primary tumor is often quiescent. Hydrocephalus is often the first manifestation of LMG and, when it is detected, a myelogram and CSF cytology study should be performed in the hope that diagnosis and treatment of spinal cord lesion at a very early stage will prove beneficial. Irradiation of the entire spinal canal is probably required as there is a high risk of rapid development of new lesions in non irradiated segments of the spinal canal.
 ...
PMID:Leptomeningeal gliomatosis with spinal cord or cauda equina compression: a complication of supratentorial gliomas in adults. 271 19

The clinical and radiologic findings in 11 patients with brain-stem tuberculoma were reviewed. Clinical manifestations included various combinations of focal signs and symptoms of subacute onset, similar to those produced by other space-occupying lesions of the brain stem. Evidence of systemic tuberculosis was found in six cases (55%). Computed tomography (CT) usually showed an isodense or hyperdense brain-stem mass with abnormal contrast enhancement; associated supratentorial granulomas were found in four cases, and hydrocephalus was found in two cases. Magnetic resonance imaging showed irregular brain-stem lesions with long T1 and short T2 relaxation times. Cerebrospinal fluid findings were also nonspecific, as smears for acid-fast bacilli were most often negative. An incorrect diagnosis of pontine glioma was made in one patient. In contrast, proper integration of data from CT and magnetic resonance imaging findings, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and x-ray films of the chest permitted an accurate diagnosis in ten cases. Prompt therapy with antituberculous drugs resulted in clinical improvement, documented by CT, in most patients. Brain-stem tuberculoma should be suspected in patients with space-occupying lesions of the brain stem who live in geographic areas where tuberculosis is endemic. Early diagnosis and prompt medical therapy are important in preventing mortality and reducing morbidity.
 ...
PMID:Brain-stem tuberculoma. An analysis of 11 patients. 201 6

Monozygotic twins sisters with optic glioma "in mirror image" (one with involvement of the left optic nerve and the other with the right optic nerve) and hydrocephalus secondary to progressive stenosis of the aqueduct have been found in a series of 128 cases below 14 years of age with neurofibromatosis. The optic glioma was diagnosed in each of the twins at 2 years of age. In one twin the tumor involved only the optic nerve but in the other the glioma affected the optic nerve and spread to the homolateral zone of the optic chiasm. First symptoms of hydrocephalus appeared at 8 years and 11 years of age respectively but ventriculo-peritoneal shunting procedures were performed to relieve intracranial hypertension at 11 years and 15 years of age respectively. At 2 years of age both twins had pneumoencephalography which demonstrated normal air passage through the aqueduct and cerebral ventricles of normal size and morphology. Posterior studies with CT-scan demonstrated progressive obstruction of the aqueduct with very slow progression of the hydrocephalus in each twin, although it was not observed simultaneously. The increased intracranial pressure was tolerated for many years in each twin without obvious symptoms which could be attributed to the slow progression of the aqueduct obstruction.
 ...
PMID:Optic glioma with progressive occlusion of the aqueduct of Sylvius in monozygotic twins with neurofibromatosis. 283 13


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>