Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017636 (glioblastoma)
 18,345 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have compared in different human neuroblastoma cell lines and human glioblastoma cells the expression level, structure, and tyrosine-specific protein kinase activity of pp60c-src. Our results show that not all human neuroblastoma cell lines express pp60c-src molecules with amino-terminal structural alterations. In neuroblastoma cells which possess pp60c-src with altered gel migration, the diminished polyacrylamide gel mobility of pp60c-src was found not to be dependent upon amino-terminal phosphorylations since extensive treatment of these molecules with phosphatase did not significantly change their gel migration properties. Similar differences in gel migration were observed when RNA from the various neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells was translated in vitro using either rabbit reticulocyte or wheat germ lysates. White the level of c-src mRNA in the different cells analyzed was found to be similar, the abundance of pp60c-src in these same cells was found to vary by as much as 12-fold. This suggests that the abundance of pp60c-src in human neuroendocrine tumors is regulated through post-transcriptional and/or post-translational events which may be related to the stage of neuronal differentiation of the cells. Based upon determination of pp60c-src abundance by immunoblot analysis, we demonstrate that pp60c-src molecules derived from human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells have very similar in vitro protein kinase activities.
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PMID:Analysis of the c-src gene product structure, abundance, and protein kinase activity in human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cells. 314 45

To investigate the perturbation of ubiquinone biosynthesis by a hypocholesterolemic drug, 3 beta-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)androst-5-en-17-one hydrochloride (U18666A), we measured the incorporation of radioactive mevalonate, methionine, tyrosine, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid into ubiquinone in glioblastoma cells. These four precursors unanimously showed that ubiquinone biosynthesis was not significantly altered by U18666A, which blocked cholesterol biosynthesis at steps beyond mevalonate formation. The fluctuation of the endogenous mevalonate level had little effect on ubiquinone biosynthesis, implying the relative stability of cellular ubiquinone biosynthesis. Furthermore, exogenously added mevalonate did not have an appreciable effect on ubiquinone biosynthesis. The major ubiquinone produced in rat glioblastoma cells was identified as ubiquinone-9. The mevalonate-derived products accumulated in the U18666A-treated cells differed significantly from those reported in a broken cell study, suggesting the existence of delicate mechanisms regulating the formation of cholesterol intermediates.
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PMID:Insensitivity of ubiquinone biosynthesis in glioblastoma cells to an epileptogenic drug, U18666A. 656 56

We have previously suggested that tumor angiogenesis in human gliomas is regulated by a paracrine mechanism involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and flt-1 (VEGF-receptor 1). VEGF, an endothelial-cell-specific mitogen, is abundantly expressed in glioma cells which reside along necrotic areas, whereas flt-1, a tyrosine-kinase receptor for VEGF, is expressed in tumor endothelial cells, but not in endothelial cells in normal adult brain. Recently, a second tyrosine-kinase receptor which binds VEGF with high affinity, designated KDR or flk-1, has been described. We performed in situ hybridization for VEGF mRNA, flt-1 mRNA and KDR mRNA on serial sections of normal brain, low-grade and high-grade glioma specimens. We show that KDR mRNA is co-expressed with flt-1 in vascular cells in glioblastoma but not in low-grade glioma. Since flt-1 and KDR are not expressed in endothelial cells in the normal adult brain, the coordinate up-regulation of 2 receptors for VEGF appears to be a critical event which controls tumor angiogenesis. Immunocytochemistry with a monoclonal anti-VEGF antibody revealed significant amounts of VEGF protein in the same glioma cells that expressed VEGF mRNA. The largest amount of VEGF immunoreactivity, however, was detected on the vasculature of glioblastomas, the site where VEGF exerts its biological functions. These findings suggest that VEGF is produced and secreted by glioma cells and acts on tumor endothelial cells which express VEGF receptors. To further characterize VEGF-producer cells in vivo, we investigated cellular proliferation, immunoreactivity to the p53 tumor-suppressor gene product and epidermal-growth-factor-receptor (EGFR) expression on serial sections by immunocytochemistry. VEGF-producer cells did not show increased cellular proliferation, p53 immunoreactivity or EGFR immunoreactivity as compared with glioma cells which did not express VEGF. Our studies therefore do not demonstrate evidence for a growth advantage of VEGF-producer cells in vivo or VEGF induction by p53 mutation or EGFR over-expression.
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PMID:Vascular endothelial growth factor and glioma angiogenesis: coordinate induction of VEGF receptors, distribution of VEGF protein and possible in vivo regulatory mechanisms. 752 92

We have detected a tyrosine-phosphorylated 200-kDa protein in two human tumor cell lines, A1235 glioma and A172 glioblastoma. The protein is an integral plasma membrane sialoglycoprotein with tyrosine kinase activity. The interesting characteristic of this protein (gp200) is that it is recognized by a number of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to the 170-kDa epidermal-growth-factor (EGF) receptor; however, it lacks detectable EGF-binding activity. gp200 differs from three other EGF-receptor-related proteins, erb-B-2, erb-B-3 and erb-B-4 gene products, and hence appears to be yet another member of the EGF-receptor family of proteins. This is further strengthened by the fact that both gp200 and the EGF receptor contain a common epitope which is recognized by an anti-peptide IgG to the beta-type platelet-derived-growth-factor (PDGF) receptor. Our previous studies [Bishayee, S., Majumdar, S., Scher, C.D. & Khan, S. (1988) Mol. Cell. Biol. 8, 3696-3702] have demonstrated that this epitope in the PDGF receptor is highly susceptible to the phosphorylation state of the receptor and that such a conformational change appears to be important in biological message transmission. The expression of gp200, which appears to have tyrosine kinase activity and is immunologically related to the EGF receptor in tumor cells, suggests its possible involvement in cell growth.
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PMID:Characterization of a novel epidermal-growth-factor-receptor-related 200-kDa tyrosine kinase in tumor cells. 760 Nov 58

The Shc gene encodes three overlapping proteins which all contain a carboxy-terminal SH2 domain. Shc proteins are ubiquitously expressed and are downstream targets and effectors of activated tyrosine kinases (TK). We investigated tyrosine-phosphorylation of Shc proteins in normal and transformed cells. In tumor cells with known TK gene alterations Shc proteins were constitutively phosphorylated and complexed with the activated TK. No constitutive Shc phosphorylation was found in primary cell cultures and normal tissues. In 14 of 27 tumor cell lines with no reported TK alterations, Shc proteins were constitutively phosphorylated and formed stable complexes with novel tyrosine-phosphorylated polypeptides. Ten distinct Shc-associated phosphoproteins were identified with molecular weights ranging from 30 to 200 kDa. In a subset of carcinoma cell lines, phosphorylated Shc proteins complexed with a p175 phosphoprotein that was identified as the constitutively activated EGFR. In one glioblastoma cell line, a Shc-associated p190 was identified as the activated PDGFR. In 13 of 14 acute leukemia samples phosphorylated Shc proteins were constitutively complexed with a p140 phosphoprotein. Some of the Shc-associated phosphoproteins (EGFR, PDGFR, erbB-2, Met, bcr-abl, H4-ret) bound both the Shc- and Grb2-SH2 domains in vitro; others (p175; p70-p80) only the Shc-SH2 domain and yet others (p140) only the Grb2-SH3 domains. These results indicate that Shc proteins are common substrates of constitutively activated TKs and that the analysis of Shc phosphorylation allow the identification of tumors with constitutive TK activation.
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PMID:Constitutive phosphorylation of Shc proteins in human tumors. 767 49

The synthesis of C2 and factor B, the key components of complement system, is performed by various kinds of cells and is also up-regulated by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). By using human fibroblasts, human glioblastoma cell line A172 and monocytes, we investigated the signal-transduction mechanism for IFN-gamma-induced synthesis of C2 and factor B. The C2 and factor B synthesis induced by IFN-gamma in all three cell types was inhibited by a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, 1-(5-isoquinolinyl-sulphonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H-7). The depletion of PKC in these cell types after treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) resulted in inhibition of IFN-gamma-induced C2 production. In addition, IFN-gamma treatment elicited a decrease in cytoplasmic PKC in A172 cells, indicating that PKC is activated by IFN-gamma. These results suggest that PKC is crucial for IFN-gamma-induced C2 and factor B synthesis. Northern-blot analysis showed that the effects at H-7 were at least partly mediated by modulation of C2 and factor B mRNA abundance in A172 cells. Since treatment of fibroblasts and A172 cells with IFN-gamma had no effect on intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and since neither EGTA nor nifedipine inhibited C2 or factor B synthesis induced by IFN-gamma, we concluded that intracellular Ca2+ mobilization was not involved in the effect of IFN-gamma. In addition, genistein, herbimycin A and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene-sulphonamide (W-7) had no inhibitory effect on IFN-gamma-mediated action in any of the three cell types, which suggests that IFN-gamma acts independently of tyrosine kinases and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases.
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PMID:Role of protein kinase C activation in synthesis of complement components C2 and factor B in interferon-gamma-stimulated human fibroblasts, glioblastoma cell line A172 and monocytes. 783 55

Little is known about the pharmacology or cell biology of human bombesin (Bn) receptors, because they are usually present at low levels and both subtypes are frequently present in the same tissues. Human gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptors (huGRP-R) and human neuromedin B (NMB) receptors (huNMB-R) were stably transfected into BALB/3T3 fibroblasts. Both receptor types were glycosylated, with 35% of the huGRP-R and 38% of the huNMB-R representing carbohydrate residues. The extent of glycosylation of the transfected huGRP-R was the same as that seen in the human glioblastoma cell line U-118. Radiolabeled agonist ligands were rapidly internalized, whereas noninternalized ligand readily dissociated in a temperature-dependent fashion. The affinities of various agonists for binding to the huGRP-R were Bn (Ki = 1.4 +/- 0.2 nM) = 4 x GRP = 300 x NMB. In contrast, affinities for the huNMB-R were NMB (Ki = 8.1 +/- 5.2 nM) = 4 x Bn = 600 x GRP. [F5-D-Phe6,D-Ala11]Bn(6-13)methyl ester was the most potent huGRP-R antagonist, whereas D-Nal-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Lys-Val-Cys-Nal-NH2 was the most potent huNMB-R antagonist. Agonist binding to either receptor type caused activation of phospholipase C and increased cellular [3H]inositol phosphate levels. GRP was potent at increasing [3H]inositol phosphate generation in cells expressing the huGRP-R (EC50 = 13.6 +/- 1.3 nM), whereas NMB was similarly potent when acting upon cells expressing the huNMB-R (EC50 = 9.3 +/- 1.4 nM). However, neither receptor type, when stimulated with agonist, caused an increase in cAMP levels. These data show that stably transfected huGRP-R exhibit similar pharmacology for agonists and antagonists, are appropriately glycosylated, and function similarly with respect to their ability to alter biological activity, compared with natively expressed receptors. Minimal native huNMB-R data are available for comparison, but in general the huNMB-R is similar to the rat NMB receptor in its pharmacology and cell biology.
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PMID:Expression and characterization of cloned human bombesin receptors. 783 18

C6 rat glioblastoma cells are able to attach to and to spread on culture dishes which are coated with purified central nervous system myelin, in contrast to normal astrocytes, fibroblasts or neurons which adhere poorly and are unable to spread on this substrate. The metalloprotease blockers o-phenanthroline and a newly developed oligopeptide could specifically inhibit C6 cell spreading on central nervous system myelin, suggesting a crucial role for a metalloprotease. Here we characterize this metalloproteolytic activity of C6 cells using a peptide degradation assay with the iodinated tetrapeptide carbobenzoxy-Phe-Ala-Phe-125I-Tyr-amide as a substrate. Purified, salt-washed C6 plasma membranes cleaved the peptide between alanine and phenylalanine, an effect which is strongly inhibited by o-phenanthroline, but not by thiol-blocking agents or aspartic and serine protease inhibitors. The metalloendoprotease is highly sensitive to phosphoramidon but insensitive to thiorphan. The enzyme is tightly bound to the plasma membrane but not G protein-phosphatidylinositol linked. It can be solubilized in part by the detergents 3-(3-cholamidopropyldimethylamino)-1-propanesulfonate or Triton X-114. Gel filtration chromatography using the Triton X-114-solubilized proteins or the proteins removed by a short trypsin treatment revealed a molecular weight range for the C6 enzyme of 60,000-100,000. Polymerase chain reaction with primers corresponding to endopeptidase 24.11 or to the highly conserved motif of the "astacin family" showed that both enzymes were not detectable in the C6 glioblastoma cells.
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PMID:Characterization of a membrane-bound metalloendoprotease of rat C6 glioblastoma cells. 803 33

The development and neoplastic progression of human astrocytic tumors appears to result through an accumulation of genetic alterations occurring in a relatively defined order. One such alteration is amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene. This episomal amplification occurs in 40-50% of glioblastomas, which also normally express endogenous receptors. Moreover, a significant fraction of amplified genes are rearranged to specifically eliminate a DNA fragment containing exons 2-7 of the gene, resulting in an in-frame deletion of 801 bp of the coding sequence of the extracellular domain. Here we used retroviral transfer of such a mutant receptor (de 2-7 EGFR) into glioblastoma cells expressing normal endogenous receptors to test whether the mutant receptor was able to augment their growth and malignancy. Western blotting analysis showed that these cells expressed endogenous EGFR of 170 kDa as well as the exogenous de 2-7 EGFR of 140-155 kDa. Although holo-EGFRs were phosphorylated on tyrosine residues only after exposure of the cells to ligand, de 2-7 EGFRs were constitutively phosphorylated. In tissue culture neither addition of EGF nor expression of the mutant EGFR affected the rate of cell growth. However, when cells expressing mutant EGFR were implanted into nude mice subcutaneously or intracerebrally, tumorigenic capacity was greatly enhanced. These results suggest that a tumor-specific alteration of the EGFR plays a significant role in tumor progression perhaps by influencing interactions of tumor cells with their microenvironment in ways not easily assayed in vitro.
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PMID:A mutant epidermal growth factor receptor common in human glioma confers enhanced tumorigenicity. 805 51

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and IGF-2 are critical regulators of cell proliferation. The growth-promoting action of both ligands is mediated by the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R). We have investigated the role of the IGF-1R in the growth and tumorigenicity of rat C6 glioblastoma cells. For this purpose, antisense RNA to IGF-1R RNA was introduced into cells by either the addition of oligodeoxynucleotides or by transfection with plasmids that express antisense RNA to IGF-1R RNA. At low cell density, C6 cells grew slowly in serum-free medium and proliferated with the sole addition of IGF-1 or IGF-2. Both antisense IGF-1R oligodeoxynucleotides and stable transfection with a plasmid expressing an antisense IGF-1R RNA inhibited IGF-1-mediated growth in monolayers and clonogenicity in soft agar. Sense oligodeoxynucleotides and sense-expressing plasmid had no effect on either parameter. In stable antisense transfectants, tyrosine-phosphorylated IGF-1 receptors were not detectable, although they were easily detected in wild-type cells. When wild-type C6 cells were injected s.c. into syngeneic immunocompetent rats, tumors developed within 1 week. In contrast, stably transfected C6 cells overexpressing antisense IGF-1R RNA were nontumorigenic. Moreover, when C6 IGF-1R antisense cells were injected, subsequent tumor formation by wild-type C6 cells was completely prevented. Finally, injection of C6 IGF-1R antisense cells into rats carrying an established wild-type C6 tumor caused complete regression of the tumors. The results demonstrate the critical importance of the IGF-1R in glioblastoma cell growth, clonogenicity, and tumorigenicity. Although the mechanism is presently unknown, the fact that the injection of C6 cells expressing an antisense RNA to IGF-1R RNA leads to regression of already established wild-type C6 tumors suggests the possibility of practical applications.
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PMID:Rat glioblastoma cells expressing an antisense RNA to the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) receptor are nontumorigenic and induce regression of wild-type tumors. 817 29


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