Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017636 (glioblastoma)
 18,345 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by cerebral deposits of amyloid beta-protein (AP) as senile plaque core and vascular amyloid, and a complementary DNA encoding a precursor of this protein (APP) has been cloned from human brain. From a cDNA library of a human glioblastoma cell line, we have isolated a cDNA identical to that previously reported, together with a new cDNA which contains a 225-nucleotide insert. The sequence of the 56 amino acids at the N-terminal of the protein deduced from this insert is highly homologous to the basic trypsin inhibitor family, and the lysate from COS-1 cells transfected with the longer APP cDNA showed an increased inhibition of trypsin activity. Partial sequencing of the genomic DNA encoding APP showed that the 225 nucleotides are located in two exons. At least three messenger RNA species, apparently transcribed from a single APP gene by alternative splicing, were found in human brain. We suggest that protease inhibition by the longer APP(s) could be related to aberrant APP catabolism.
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PMID:Novel precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein shows protease inhibitory activity. 289 91

Our previous studies have shown that some human cancer cell lines produce pancreatic trypsinogen, plasminogen, and tissue-type kallikrein. To understand the regulatory mechanism of these proteinases, serine proteinase inhibitors secreted by human glioblastoma cell line T98G were analyzed by gelatin reverse zymography with trypsin. The serum-free conditioned medium of T98G cells showed more than ten trypsin inhibitor bands ranging from 16 to 150 kDa in the reverse zymography. Major trypsin inhibitors were purified by trypsin-affinity chromatography. Analysis of their N-terminal amino acid sequences demonstrated that the purified inhibitors were identical to the secreted forms of amyloid protein precursors (APPs), tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI), placental protein 5 (PP5)/TFPI-2, and secretory leukocyte proteinase inhibitor (SLPI). In addition, a novel 25-kDa trypsin-binding protein, tentatively named p25TI, was identified. p25TI showed weak inhibitory activity against trypsin in reverse zymography as compared with the other inhibitors. The secretion of multiple forms of serine proteinase inhibitors by human cancer cells raises the possibility that they might be involved in the abnormal growth of cancer cells.
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PMID:Purification and identification of a novel and four known serine proteinase inhibitors secreted by human glioblastoma cells. 888 27

A novel trypsin inhibitor (P25TI) with an apparent molecular size of 25 kDa has previously been purified from the culture medium of human glioblastoma cells. In this study, the cDNA encoding P25TI was isolated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) screening system, and its complete amino acid sequence was determined. The cDNA consisted of 1440 nucleotides and encoded a sequence of 258 amino acids. The deduced structure of P25TI seemed to consist of a putative signal peptide sequence (residues 1-25), a propeptide sequence (26-60) and a mature protein (residues 61-258). The P25TI sequence has no homology to other proteinase inhibitors, but has similarity to insect venom allergens, mammalian testis-specific proteins and plant pathogenesis-related proteins. P25TI mRNA was frequently expressed in human neuroblastoma and glioblastoma cell lines. Although Northern blotting analysis failed to detect P25TI mRNA in various human tissues, PCR analysis showed its expression in the brain, placenta and lymphocytes.
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PMID:cDNA cloning of a novel trypsin inhibitor with similarity to pathogenesis-related proteins, and its frequent expression in human brain cancer cells. 947 72

We used differential display-PCR (DD-PCR) to identify glucocorticoid-inducible genes that regulate lung development in late gestation. DD-PCR, a method to screen for differentially expressed genes, is based on a comparison of mRNAs isolated from a subset of two or more cell populations by analysis of RT-PCR products on DNA-sequencing gels. We isolated cDNA probes representing mRNAs expressed in primary cultures of rat lung fibroblasts, but not in epithelial cells, on fetal day 20. A day 20 glucocorticoid-treated fibroblast cDNA library was screened with a single probe to isolate the 3.1-kb cDNA late-gestation lung 1 (LGL1; GenBank accession no. AF109674) encoding a deduced polypeptide of 188 amino acids. Northern analysis confirmed that LGL1 is expressed in human, rat, and mouse fetal lungs, induced by glucocorticoid, developmentally regulated in fibroblasts but not detectable in epithelium. In situ hybridization confirmed LGL1 expression in the mesenchyme, but not in the epithelium, of fetal rat lung, kidney, and gut. The predicted LGL1 gene product (lgl1) showed 81% homology to P25TI, a polypeptide trypsin inhibitor recently identified in human glioblastoma and neuroblastoma cells but not detected in normal human tissues. Both lgl1 and P25TI belong to the CRISP family of cysteine-rich extracellular proteins. Trypsin is produced by both normal bronchial epithelial and lung adenocarcinoma cells. Although additional studies will be necessary to clearly establish a functional role for lgl1, we propose that lgl1 has a role in normal lung development that is likely to be via regulation of extracellular matrix degradation.
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PMID:A novel developmentally regulated gene in lung mesenchyme: homology to a tumor-derived trypsin inhibitor. 1036 28

There is a critical need for compounds that target cell surface integrin receptors for applications in cancer therapy and diagnosis. We used directed evolution to engineer the Ecballium elaterium trypsin inhibitor (EETI-II), a knottin peptide from the squash family of protease inhibitors, as a new class of integrin-binding agents. We generated yeast-displayed libraries of EETI-II by substituting its 6-amino acid trypsin binding loop with 11-amino acid loops containing the Arg-Gly-Asp integrin binding motif and randomized flanking residues. These libraries were screened in a high-throughput manner by fluorescence-activated cell sorting to identify mutants that bound to alpha(v)beta(3) integrin. Select peptides were synthesized and were shown to compete for natural ligand binding to integrin receptors expressed on the surface of U87MG glioblastoma cells with half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of 10-30 nM. Receptor specificity assays demonstrated that engineered knottin peptides bind to both alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrins with high affinity. Interestingly, we also discovered a peptide that binds with high affinity to alpha(v)beta(3), alpha(v)beta(5), and alpha(5)beta(1) integrins. This finding has important clinical implications because all three of these receptors can be coexpressed on tumors. In addition, we showed that engineered knottin peptides inhibit tumor cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix protein vitronectin, and in some cases fibronectin, depending on their integrin binding specificity. Collectively, these data validate EETI-II as a scaffold for protein engineering, and highlight the development of unique integrin-binding peptides with potential for translational applications in cancer.
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PMID:Engineered cystine knot peptides that bind alphavbeta3, alphavbeta5, and alpha5beta1 integrins with low-nanomolar affinity. 1945 50

Knottins are small constrained polypeptides that share a common disulfide-bonded framework and a triple-stranded beta-sheet fold. Previously, directed evolution of the Ecballium elaterium trypsin inhibitor (EETI-II) knottin led to the identification of a mutant that bound to tumor-specific alpha(v)beta(3) and alpha(v)beta(5) integrin receptors with low nanomolar affinity. The objective of this study was to prepare and evaluate a radiofluorinated version of this knottin (termed 2.5D) for microPET imaging of integrin positive tumors in living subjects. Knottin peptide 2.5D was prepared by solid-phase synthesis and folded in vitro, and its free N-terminal amine was reacted with N-succinimidyl-4-18/19F-fluorobenzoate (18/19F-SFB) to produce the fluorinated peptide 18/19F-FB-2.5D. The binding affinities of unlabeled knottin peptide 2.5D and 19F-FB-2.5D to U87MG glioblastoma cells were measured by competition binding assay using 125I-labeled echistatin. It was found that unlabeled 2.5D and 19F-FB-2.5D competed with 125I-echistatin for binding to cell surface integrins with IC(50) values of 20.3 +/- 7.3 and 13.2 +/- 5.4 nM, respectively. Radiosynthesis of 18F-FB-2.5D resulted in a product with high specific activity (ca. 100 GBq/micromol). Next, biodistribution and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging studies were performed to evaluate the in vivo behavior of 18F-FB-2.5D. Approximately 3.7 MBq 18F-FB-2.5D was injected into U87MG tumor-bearing mice via the tail vein. Biodistribution studies demonstrated that 18F-FB-2.5D had moderate tumor uptake at 0.5 h post injection, and coinjection of a large excess of the unlabeled peptidomimetic c(RGDyK) as a blocking agent significantly reduced tumor uptake (1.90 +/- 1.15 vs 0.57 +/- 0.14%ID/g, 70% inhibition, P < 0.05). In vivo microPET imaging showed that 18F-FB-2.5D rapidly accumulated in the tumor and quickly cleared from the blood through the kidneys, allowing excellent tumor-to-normal tissue contrast to be obtained. Collectively, 18F-FB-2.5D allows integrin-specific PET imaging of U87MG tumors with good contrast and further demonstrates that knottins are excellent peptide scaffolds for development of PET probes with potential for clinical translation.
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PMID:An engineered knottin peptide labeled with 18F for PET imaging of integrin expression. 1990 26