Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017636 (glioblastoma)
 18,345 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In this investigation, the lipid composition of a number of human brain tumors was determined and compared to that of normal adult brain. Glioblastomas (11 samples), astrocytomas (4 samples), an acoustic neurinoma, an oligodendroglioma, and a meningioma were analyzed. All of the tumors had substantial levels (0.8-3.4% of total phospholipids) of choline plasmalogen which was present in only trace amounts in normal brain. With the exceptions of the acoustic neurinoma and the meningioma, the concentration of alkylacylglycerophosphorylcholine was also higher in the tumors than in normal brain. Neutral lipids of brain tumors also contained high concentrations of both alkyl (1.6-4.8% of total neutral gsults from this investigation indicate that increases in ether-linked glycerolipids may be characteristic of human brain tumors.
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PMID:Ether-linked glycerolipids in human brain tumors. 84 2

Fifteen patients were treated in a Phase I study of intracarotid carboplatin (200-400 mg/m2) in 5% dextrose and water infused over 15 to 30 minutes through a transfemoral catheter with a 0.2-micron inline filter. This study was done because intravenous carboplatin has less neurotoxicity than cisplatin and is active against brain tumors. Eleven men and four women ranging in age from 37 to 72 years (median, 59 years) were treated. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status was 1 in 3, 2 in 4, and 3-4 in 8 patients. Eight patients had one to three previous chemotherapy regimens; previous radiotherapy had failed in 13 patients. The response of patients in the Phase I study follows: glioblastoma, 6 failed; not evaluated because of early death from pulmonary embolus, 1; recurrent Grade II and III glioma, 1 stable (minor response with neurologic improvement) and 2 failed; malignant oligodendroglioma, 1 failed; brain metastases from nonsmall cell lung cancer, 1 partial remission, 1 stable (minor response), and 1 failed; brain metastases from unknown primary, 1 stable (minor response with neurological improvement). Median survival was 9 weeks. Nausea was mild to moderate. One patient had granulocytopenia, and 2 had thrombocytopenia (mild). At 200 mg/m2 (2 patients), 1 had a focal seizure. At 300 mg/m2 (9 patients), 2 with abnormally small arteries had severe pain early in the treatment and posttreatment ipsilateral conjunctival edema, decreased vision, and cerebral edema (with partially reversible increased hemiparesis); 1 other had mild decrease in ipsilateral vision and 1 had transient aphasia on removal of the catheter (possibly the result of a vascular spasm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Phase I study of intracarotid administration of carboplatin. 131 64

Previously, immunoreactive rod-opsin and S-antigen (arrestin), two highly characteristic markers of retinal photoreceptors and pinealocytes, were shown to be present in certain medulloblastoma cells. It, thus, has been suggested that such cells differentiate along the photoreceptor lineage. This is corroborated in the present immunocytochemical investigation using antibodies against another photoreceptor-cell marker, the interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP). As shown in preparations of human retina and pineal organ, IRBP can be successfully demonstrated in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue: the IRBP immunoreaction is located to the outer and inner segments of retinal photoreceptor cells and to perikarya of certain pinealocytes. Examination of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsy specimens of 66 cerebellar medullo-blastomas revealed varying numbers of IRBP-immuno-reactive tumor cells in 19 cases that were formerly shown to contain rod-opsin and S-antigen immunoreaction. IRBP-immunoreactive tumor cells were also found in a retinoblastoma and a pineocytoma, but not in neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroblastoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma and astrocytoma. The results indicate: (1) cerebellar medulloblastomas are heterogeneous in their differentiation potential; (2) one type of medulloblastoma displays photoreceptor characteristics; (3) this type appears to be closely related to retinoblastoma and pineal cell tumors; and (4) all three types of tumors may display additional common features to be explored in future studies.
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PMID:Immunocytochemical demonstration of interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein in cerebellar medulloblastoma. 137 56

The major function of a classification of neoplasms is to correlate with prognosis. During the 1980s two trends developed in the classification of gliomas: 1) the presence of necrosis in astrocytomas defines a subset with the worst prognosis (glioblastoma multiforme) and 2) no comparable subset of oligodendroglioma appears to exist, either histologically or prognostically. Even the worst of the oligodendrogliomas has a better prognosis than glioblastomas. These asymmetries must be kept in mind when one is considering the diagnosis of glioblastoma. The absence of a specific stain for oligodendrogliomas, the difficulty in differentiating small anaplastic cells from oligodendroglial cells and the common occurrence of mixtures of normal and/or reactive oligodendroglia and astrocytes in gliomas combine to create potentially confusing misclassification of many gliomas.
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PMID:Is necrosis helpful in the grading of gliomas? Editorial opinion. 153 37

Forty-five patients with malignant gliomas were treated after aggressive surgical resection with alternating intravenous carmustine and cisplatin both during and after radiation therapy. Thirty-three patients were considered evaluable for responses, 17 had glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), 14 had anaplastic astrocytoma (AA) and 2 had anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO). The median age of the evaluable patients was 47 years. The median time to tumor progression was 34.5 weeks, and the median survival for the entire group was 76 weeks. Early progression occurred more frequently in patients with glioblastoma than in those with AA or AO. Seventeen patients (55%) were alive at 18 months (6 GBM, 9 AA, 2 AO). Toxicity was mainly hematologic, otic and tolerable. The results suggest that further trial is warranted to assess the efficacy of alternating carmustine and cisplatin in conjunction with radiation therapy postoperatively in patients with malignant gliomas.
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PMID:Adjuvant chemotherapy with carmustine and cisplatin for patients with malignant gliomas. 156 Feb 58

The induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gene expression by cytokines was investigated in cells of central nervous system origin. These were human neuroblastoma, glioblastoma, and astrocytoma cell lines, a murine oligodendroglioma and primary murine astrocyte cultures. The cytokines used were tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), IL-6, and interferons alpha and gamma (IFN alpha, gamma). Transient transfection of cells with a chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) reporter gene under the control of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) showed significant augmentation following treatment by particular cytokines. TNF alpha was found to augment HIV LTR-directed CAT activity in all cell types. IL-1 beta also activated the HIV LTR reporter gene in glioblastoma, astrocytoma, and astrocyte cells. IL-6 enhanced HIV gene expression in one example only, the primary astrocyte cultures. The interferons generally suppressed expression from the LTR except IFN gamma which produced a twofold rise in the murine glial cells and IFN alpha augmenting expression in one neuroblastoma cell line. No synergy was observed between pairs of activating cytokines tested. The HIV tat gene product was found to be functional in all cells, cotransfection of a tat expression vector transactivating expression from the LTR, with varying degrees of efficiency. In some cell lines the combination of an activating cytokine and tat resulted in an enhancement above that obtained by cotransfection of tat alone. In others, the level of CAT activity did not significantly change. Analysis of nuclear extracts from cytokine-treated cells further implicated the involvement of NFKB in the induction of HIV-1 gene expression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Cytokine augmentation of HIV-1 LTR-driven gene expression in neural cells. 159 55

The presence of interleukin-8 (IL-8), a leukocyte chemotactic factor, was examined in primary and metastatic central nervous system tumors and in nonneoplastic acute meningoencephalitides. In vitro: (a) 11 of 12 glioblastoma cell lines constitutively expressed IL-8 mRNA; (b) 5 of 6 of these cell lines secreted IL-8 protein as detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and a glucosaminidase release bioassay; and (c) IL-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor was able to augment both IL-8 mRNA steady state levels and protein secretion of all cell lines tested except IN-319. IL-8 was also found in vivo. (a) IL-8 poly A+ mRNA was detected in 2 of 2 low grade astrocytomas, 1 of 2 anaplastic astrocytomas, and 6 of 6 glioblastomas. (b) IL-8 protein was present in the cyst fluid of 1 of 4 low grade astrocytomas, 1 anaplastic astrocytoma, 2 of 2 glioblastomas, 1 oligodendroglioma grade III, and one central nervous system cervical carcinoma metastasis. (c) The cerebrospinal fluid of 3 of 4 metastatic lymphomas, 2 of 16 glioblastomas, 1 of 2 low grade astrocytomas, but none of 3 anaplastic astrocytomas and none of 9 meningiomas contained IL-8. The presence of IL-8 was not restricted to central nervous system tumors as 2 of 2 bacterial meningitis and 5 of 5 acute viral meningitis patients contained considerable IL-8 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid. (d) Immunohistochemical analysis showed IL-8 immunoreactivity in perivascular tumor cells in 11 of 15 glioblastoma sections. These data suggest that IL-8 secretion could be a key factor involved in the determination of the lymphoid infiltrates observed in brain tumors and the development of cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis in meningoencephalitides.
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PMID:Interleukin-8 is produced in neoplastic and infectious diseases of the human central nervous system. 164 27

The immunohistochemical distribution of alpha and beta subunits of S-100 protein (S-100 alpha, S-100 beta, respectively) in 138 cases of human brain tumors was investigated by the avidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method. Brain tumors can be divided into four groups: group 1 [S-100 alpha (+) and/or S-100 beta (+)]; astrocytoma, glioblastoma, ependymoma, subependymoma, oligodendroglioma, choroid plexus papilloma, gangliocytoma, meningioma, chordoma, malignant melanoma. Group 2 [S-100 alpha (+) and S-100 beta (-)]; pineoblastoma, pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, rhabdomyosarcoma. Group 3 [S-100 alpha (-) and S-100 beta (+)]; acoustic Schwannoma. Group 4 [S-100 alpha (-) and S-100 beta (-)]; medulloblastoma malignant lymphoma, germinoma. The S-100 beta immunoreactivity pattern in brain tumors was similar to those obtained using conventional anti-S-100 protein sera. In the first group of brain tumors both the number of positively stained tumor cells and the staining intensity were generally greater for S-100 beta than for S-100 alpha with a few exceptions including one gemistocytic astrocytoma, one subependymoma, one malignant melanoma, and some cases of glioblastomas. As to the relationship between malignancy and S-100 protein in glioma, S-100 beta immunoreactivity decreased according to degree of malignancy, while that of S-100 alpha varied, suggesting a heterogeneity of tumor cells in glioblastomas. Immunostaining for S-100 alpha and S-100 beta might become a useful diagnostic procedure in brain tumors and may give us more detailed and precise data of S-100 protein in brain tumors.
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PMID:Immunohistochemical study on the distribution of alpha and beta subunits of S-100 protein in brain tumors. 188 40

Two kinds of novel neural trophic factors were currently detected in von Recklinghausen neurofibroma (NF1) extracts. One of the two was a growth factor, neuroblastoma growth factor (Mr less than 5 kDa), which promotes the proliferation of human neuroblastoma cell and survival and neurite-extension of rat cortical neurons, but differently from nerve growth factor (NGF) or NGF-like factors. The other one was a glial growth inhibitor (Mr = 100 kDa), which suppresses the growth of glioma cell lines, astrocytoma, glioblastoma, oligodendroglioma and Schwannoma. These factors do not appear to be previously identified cytokines or growth factors such as interleukins, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, NGF and fibroblast growth factor. There was also detectable ciliary neurotrophic factor-like activity in the extracts. The primary cause of high contents of these factors in NF1 is not known, but may relate to fundamental mechanisms controlling growth and differentiation of neurons and glias during development of nervous system.
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PMID:von Recklinghausen neurofibroma produces neuronal and glial growth-modulating factors. 193 68

Forty patients with malignant supratentorial gliomas were treated with surgery, intra-arterial infusions of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)chloroethylnitrosourea, and radiation therapy. The median duration of survival was 12 months; it differed according to the histological subtype (over 30 months for patients with anaplastic astrocytomas or anaplastic oligodendroglioma and 10.5 months for glioblastoma; P = 0.0025). Serious complications of monocular blindness and leukoencephalopathy were observed in four patients (10%).
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PMID:Treatment of malignant gliomas with surgery, intra-arterial infusions of 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)chloroethylnitrosourea, and radiation therapy: a phase II study. 238 41


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