Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017636 (glioblastoma)
 18,345 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Calcineurin is one of the calmodulin binding proteins and a Ca2+-dependent and calmodulin-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphatase. We used antisera to the calcineurin as a cell-type-specific marker in order to identify neuronal cells in the rat brain and human neoplasms. In normal rat brain slices, basal ganglia were stained macroscopically, and other areas such as cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, cerebellar cortex, granular layer and pyramidal tract of the spinal cord were lightly identified as well. Under the light microscope, it was found that only the neuronal cells were stained, and astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and vessels were not. Intracellular distribution of the staining showed various patterns and staining intensity of varying degree. Using the PAP method, localization of the calcineurin in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were studied in 65 human intracranial neoplasms, and in 11 human extracranial neoplasms. The neuronal elements of neuroblastoma, ganglioglioma, ganglioneuroma and retinoblastoma were clearly stained. In contrast, glioblastoma, astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, ependymoma, meningioma, neurinoma, pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, hemangioblastoma, hamartoma, lymphoma and mesenchymal tumor were all negative. Two cases out of 5 medulloblastomas were stained, but others were not. Although positive tumors disclosed various staining patterns and intensities, these results indicated that calcineurin could be a new neuronal marker in human brain tumors.
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PMID:Calcineurin as a neuronal marker of human brain tumors. 242 51

Among 100 childhood brain tumors treated at Kobe Children's Hospital from May 1970 to June 1985, 18 of the children presented with symptoms during the first year of life. This paper analyzes these 18 cases. Supratentorial tumors (78%) were more common than infratentorial ones, and 67% of all the tumors were located in the central neural axis. Initial symptoms were cranial enlargement (56%), vomiting (17%), cranial deformity (11%), blepharoptosis, respiratory distress, and ataxia. Histological diagnosis of the tumors was as follows: teratoma (3 cases), medulloblastoma (3), glioblastoma (2), astrocytoma (2), ependymoma (2), craniopharyngioma (1), choroid plexus papilloma (1), hamartoma (1), lipoma (1), melanotic progonoma (1), and an undetermined type, probably medulloblastoma (1). Seventeen of the patients underwent craniotomy for tumor resection (4 total, 4 subtotal and 7 partial removal, and 2 biopsies). Additional therapeutic methods used separately and in various combinations included ventriculoperitoneal shunt, subduralperitoneal shunt, ventricular drainage, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Nine patients died (average 98 days) after surgery. Of the 9 survivors, 6 are still alive after more than 5 years. Five of the 6 are mentally retarded and 4 are physically handicapped to some degree.
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PMID:Intracranial tumors in the first year of life. 377 67

Cowden disease, or multiple hamartoma syndrome, is an autosomal dominant inherited cancer syndrome with a high risk of thyroid and breast cancers. Its susceptibility gene has been mapped to chromosome 10q22-23. Because a newly found tumor suppressor gene, PTEN/MMAC1, often mutated in glioblastoma and in prostatic and breast cancers, has been mapped to the same chromosomal locus, it is suspected that it may be the gene responsible for Cowden disease. germline mutations of the gene have been reported in 4 of 5 families with Cowden disease. We performed a genetic analysis of the PTEN/MMAC1 gene in a sporadically found patient with the disease who had no apparent family history of the disease. We found a germline heterozygous mutation of the PTEN/MMAC1 gene in a patient with Cowden disease. The mutation, a C to T substitution of a single base at codon 130, leads to a formation of stop codon, generating a truncated protein lacking both protein phosphatase signature motif and tensin-like domain. Our finding supports the hypothesis of the PTEN/MMAC1 gene as being responsible for Cowden disease even in a sporadic case.
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PMID:A heterozygous germline mutation of the PTEN/MMAC1 gene in a patient with Cowden disease. 985 63

Gangliogliomas are generally considered benign tumors. Although more commonly found in the brain, spinal cord ganglioglioma is a well established, albeit infrequent, entity. We describe a 2-decade clinical course of a patient initially diagnosed with a thoracolumbar 'glial-neuronal hamartoma' at age 4. Seventeen years after his first operation, local recurrence was noted. Despite subsequent multiple gross total resections and adjuvant therapy, histologic features became increasingly ominous and ultimately proved fatal. This is an unusual report and histologic presentation of a resected spinal cord ganglioglioma recurring as an anaplastic ependymoma/astrocytoma and subsequently a glioblastoma. It is quite likely that the originally resected ganglioglioma was actually part of a primitive neuroectodermal tumor which had undergone extensive maturation.
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PMID:Malignant glial tumor arising from the site of a previous hamartoma/ganglioglioma: coincidence or malignant transformation? 1035 15

PTEN is one of the most commonly mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancer. PTEN mutations have been implicated in the development of a variety of human neoplasia, including high-grade glioblastoma, prostate, breast, endometrial, and thyroid carcinoma. Germ-line mutations of PTEN cause Cowden's syndrome (CS), a multiple hamartoma condition resulting in increased susceptibility for the development of cancer. When more than 6 months old, pten+/- mice develop a range of tumors, partially resembling the spectrum of neoplasia observed in CS patients. One-half (32 of 65) of pten+/- females developed breast tumors, whereas all (65 of 65) of the females had endometrial hyperplasia, and there was a high incidence (14 of 65) of endometrial cancer. Hamartoamous tumors of the gastrointestinal tract, as well as prostate and adrenal neoplasia, were also frequently observed. Significantly, the spectrum of neoplasia observed in pten+/- mice partially overlaps with the types of tumors frequently detected in CS patients. The majority of tumors in pten+/- mice exhibit loss of heterozygosity at the pten locus, which indicates the importance for loss of PTEN function in tumor formation. Consistent with the role of PTEN in negative regulation of PKB/Akt phosphorylation and activity, pten loss of heterozygosity is accompanied by hyperphosphorylation of PKB/Akt in tumors. Taken together, our results establish pten+/- mice as an excellent animal model system for the investigation of PTEN-related hamartoma syndromes, as well as the role of PTEN in breast and endometrial carcinogenesis.
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PMID:High incidence of breast and endometrial neoplasia resembling human Cowden syndrome in pten+/- mice. 1091 75

MRI has facilitated diagnostic assessment of the corpus callosum. Diagnostic classification of solitary or multiple lesions of the corpus callosum has not attracted much attention, although signal abnormalities are not uncommon. Our aim was to identify characteristic imaging features of lesions frequently encountered in practice. We reviewed the case histories of 59 patients with lesions shown on MRI. The nature of the lesions was based on clinical features and/or long term follow-up (ischaemic 20, Virchow-Robin spaces 3, diffuse axonal injury 7, multiple sclerosis 11, hydrocephalus 5, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis 5, Marchiafava-Bignami disease 4, lymphoma 2, glioblastoma hamartoma each 1). The location in the sagittal plane, the relationship to the borders of the corpus callosum and midline and the size were documented. The 20 ischaemic lesions were asymmetrical but adjacent to the midline; the latter was involved in new or large lesions. Diffuse axonal injury commonly resulted in large lesions, which tended to be asymmetrical; the midline and borders of the corpus callosum were always involved. Lesions in MS were small, at the lower border of the corpus callosum next to the septum pellucidum, and crossed the midline asymmetrically. Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and the other perivenous inflammatory diseases caused relatively large, asymmetrical lesions. Hydrocephalus resulted in lesions of the upper part of the corpus callosum, and mostly in its posterior two thirds; they were found in the midline. Lesions in Marchiafava-Bignami disease were large, often symmetrically in the midline in the splenium and did not reach the edge of the corpus callosum.
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PMID:Classification of acquired lesions of the corpus callosum with MRI. 1115 83

PTEN, on 10q23.3, encodes a major lipid phosphatase which signals down the phosphoinositol-3-kinase/Akt pathway and effects G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Germline PTEN mutations have been found to occur in 80% of classic Cowden syndrome (CS), 60% of Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba syndrome (BRRS), up to 20% of Proteus syndrome (PS), and approximately 50% of a Proteus-like syndrome (PSL). CS is a heritable multiple hamartoma syndrome with a high risk of breast, thyroid, and endometrial carcinomas. BRRS is a congenital autosomal dominant disorder characterized by megencephaly, developmental delay, lipomatosis, and speckled penis. PS and PSL had never been associated with risk of malignancy. Finding germline PTEN mutations in patients with BRRS, PS, and PSL suggests equivalent risks of developing malignancy as in CS with implications for medical management. The mutational spectra of CS and BRRS overlap, with many of the mutations occurring in exons 5, 7, and 8. Genotype-phenotype association analyses have revealed that the presence of germline PTEN mutations is associated with breast tumor development, and that mutations occurring within and 5' of the phosphatase motif were associated with multi-organ involvement. Pooled analysis of PTEN mutation series of CS and BRRS occurring in the last five years reveals that 65% of CS-associated mutations occur in the first five exons encoding the phosphatase domain and the promoter region, while 60% of BRRS-associated mutations occur in the 3' four exons encoding mainly the C2 domain. Somatic PTEN mutations occur with a wide distribution of frequencies in sporadic primary tumors, with the highest frequencies in endometrial carcinomas and glioblastoma multiform. Several mechanisms of PTEN inactivation occur in primary malignancies derived from different tissues, but a favored mechanism appears to occur in a tissue-specific manner. Inappropriate subcellular compartmentalization and increased/decreased proteosome degradation may be two novel mechanisms of PTEN inactivation. Further functional work could reveal more effective means of molecular-directed therapy and prevention.
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PMID:PTEN: one gene, many syndromes. 1293 83

A 61-year-old woman presented in 1999 with a recent onset of left-sided focal clonic seizures with associated vague speech arrests. A computerised tomography (CT) scan revealed a hypoattenuated non-enhancing lesion within her right temporal lobe which was biopsied and the histopathological features were reported to be consistent with a hamartoma, reminiscent of tuberous sclerosis. Her seizures remained partially controlled with phenytoin and carbamazepine. She presented again 2 years later with an increase in the frequency of her seizures. A magnetic resonance scan of her brain demonstrated a homogenously enhancing mass lesion in her right temporo-parietal lobe. An initial lobectomy showed a hamartomatous lesion on histology but a subsequent sample obtained from a wide resection carried out when there was further worsening of her condition revealed a grade IV astrocytoma within a focal cortical dysplastic lesion. Our case highlights the importance of considering the possibility of a cortical dysplastic lesion harbouring a malignancy and the need for further research to explore the behaviour of these malformative lesions.
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PMID:High grade glioma in a focal cortical dysplastic lesion. 1718 94

PTEN gene is considered one of the most mutated tumor suppressor genes in human cancer, and it's likely to become the first one in the near future. Since 1997, its involvement in tumor suppression has smoothly increased, up to the current importance. Germline mutations of PTEN cause the PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS), which include the past-called Cowden, Bannayan-Riley-Ruvalcaba, Proteus, Proteus-like, and Lhermitte-Duclos syndromes. Somatic mutations of PTEN have been observed in glioblastoma, prostate cancer, and brest cancer cell lines, quoting only the first tissues where the involvement has been proven. The negative regulation of cell interactions with the extracellular matrix could be the way PTEN phosphatase acts as a tumor suppressor. PTEN gene plays an essential role in human development. A recent model sees PTEN function as a stepwise gradation, which can be impaired not only by heterozygous mutations and homozygous losses, but also by other molecular mechanisms, such as transcriptional regression, epigenetic silencing, regulation by microRNAs, posttranslational modification, and aberrant localization. The involvement of PTEN function in melanoma and multistage skin carcinogenesis, with its implication in cancer treatment, and the role of front office in diagnosing PHTS are the main reasons why the dermatologist should know about PTEN.
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PMID:PTEN gene: a model for genetic diseases in dermatology. 2262 90

Hypothalamic hamartomas are benign tumors known to cause gelastic or dacrystic seizures, precocious puberty, developmental delay, and medically refractory epilepsy. These tumors are most often sporadic but rarely can be associated with Pallister-Hall syndrome, an autosomal dominant familial syndrome caused by truncation of glioblastoma transcription factor 3, a downstream effector in the sonic hedgehog pathway. In this clinical report, the authors describe two brothers with a different familial syndrome. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report in the literature describing a familial syndrome caused by germline mutations in the Smoothened (SMO) gene and the first familial syndrome associated with hypothalamic hamartomas other than Pallister-Hall syndrome. The authors discuss the endoscopic endonasal biopsy and subtotal resection of a large hypothalamic hamartoma in one of the patients as well as the histopathological findings encountered. Integral to this discussion is the understanding of the hedgehog pathway; therefore, the underpinnings of this pathway and its clinical associations to date are also reviewed.
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PMID:A familial syndrome of hypothalamic hamartomas, polydactyly, and SMO mutations: a clinical report of 2 cases. 3049 10


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