Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sixteen children with refractory diarrhea and three malnourished children who had frequent episodes of acute gastroenteritis but little diarrhea at the time of hospital admission, were studied by peroral upper small intestinal biopsy. Six children were adequately nourished; five children weighed 62 to 79% of expected weight and eight weighed less than 60% of expected weight. Two of the malnourished children had giardiasis. Pathogenic bacteria were found in only one case. Varying degrees of mucosal atrophy with reduction of mean villous height were seen in 18 cases. The concentration of mononuclear inflammatory cells and plasma cells was about half that seen in well-nourished children with severe nongastrointestinal infections. The concentration of mononuclear cells in the lamina propria was about twice that seen in normal adults. The proportions of IgA-producing cells and cells that stained for secretory component were significantly reduced, as compared with normal adult control values. This reduction was most striking in children with malnutrition complicated by giardiasis. Enzyme histochemical studies were performed for leucine aminopeptidase, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase. There was a tendency for considerably reduced acid phosphatase activity in all clinical groups (kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor and marasmus) of growth-retarded infants.
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PMID:Infantile jejunal mucosa in infection and malnutrition. 10 19

An 8-year-old boy presented with idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency manifested principally by recurrent suppurative chest infections and chronic diarrhoea with malabsorption. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia and giardiasis were shown on small bowel biopsy. Investigation of the immune system showed low serum levels of IgG, IgM, and IgA, negative skin tests to four recall antigens, absent mixed lymphocyte reactivity, and impared lymphocyte responses to mitogens in vitro. Serum complement and granulocyte function studies were normal. Maintenance therapy with gammaglobulin and antibiotics gave a good response.
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PMID:Idiopathic late-onset immunoglobulin deficiency with associated defect in cell-mediated immunity. 30 36

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) has been firmly associated with syndromes of hypogammaglobulinemia but not with selective absence of IgA. We report the case of a 5-yr-old girl with the triad of selective IgA deficiency, NLH of the small bowel, and giardiasis. Results of an extensive immunologic investigation, including immunohistochemical examinations of small bowel biopsies, support the hypothesis that the basic defect responsible for IgA deficiency in this patient was the failure of precursor IgM-bearing lymphocytes to differentiate into IgA-producing plasma cells. Furthermore, the abundance of IgM-bearing cells in biopsy specimens demonstrates the existence of a compensatory mechanism in the intestine to substitute IgM for the absent IgA.
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PMID:Selective immunoglobulin A deficiency associated with modular lymphoid hyperplasia. 51 69

Forty eight patients with symptomatic giardiasis and 22 apparently healthy matched controls without Giardia lamblia were studied with respect to the following variables--immunoglobulins (Igs) G, A and M in serum, IgA in duodenal juice and T and B in lymphocyte sub-populations. There were no differences observed between the two groups with regard to any of these variables except for serum IgG which was found to be higher in patients. It was concluded that endemic giardiasis has no immunodeficient basis and has nothing in common with the association of giardiasis, mal absorption and immunodeficiency reported from the West. Further, no change in these variables was observed when the tests were repeated after cure.
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PMID:Immunoglobulins in serum and duodenal juice and peripheral blood lymphocyte subpopulations in patients with giardiasis. 54 84

Fifteen cases of nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) of the bowel in patients aged 17 months to 15 years are reported. Fourteen patients had NLH confined to the small bowel and one had involvement of both the small bowel and colon. Mean age at diagnosis was 10 years. The most common presenting symptoms were intestinal manifestations (86%). Diagnosis was suspected upon roentgenographic studies in one case and digestive endoscopy in ten cases. Histologic confirmation was obtained in all fifteen patients. Immunohistochemical studies, done in 8 patients, demonstrated a paucity of IgA plasmocytes in one patient with an immune deficiency and a polyclonal plasmocyte population with mainly IgA plasmocytes in the seven other patients. Five patients had a deficiency in humoral immunity, with variable expression hypogammaglobulinemia in three patients and IgA deficiency in two; intestinal giardiasis was found in eight patients. Histologic outcome was documented in five cases; evidence of NLH disappeared in only one patient. Metronidazole improved clinical symptoms in most instances.
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PMID:[Lymphoid hyperplasia of the intestine in children. 15 cases]. 149 85

The age-specific sero-prevalence of amoebiasis and giardiasis was estimated in 91 pediatric diarrhoea and in 70 non-diarrhoeal cases from Southern India. Anti-amoeba/giardia IgG assays on 20 children with inflammatory bowel disease from the UK yielded base-line levels in a non-endemic symptomatic population. IgG, IgM, and IgA levels were estimated to E. histolytica and G. lamblia using an ELISA. Concomittant faecal examinations were done for the Indian children. There was a significant correlation between acquisition of sero-positivity and age. A rise in the IgG response to both organisms was evident between 38 and 47 and 13-24 months, respectively, in diarrhoeal and non-diarrhoeal cases. An appreciable IgM response occurred predominantly in diarrhoea cases and at a younger age (less than 24 months). IgA responses were low. Anti-protozoal IgG levels in the UK children were negligible. There was no relationship between faecal excretion and sero-positivity. The study shows an age-related antibody response to E. histolytica and G. lamblia.
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PMID:Age-specific sero-prevalence of amoebiasis and giardiasis in southern Indian infants and children. 156 36

In one of the largest outbreaks of waterborne giardiasis reported from Europe, more than 3000 persons were exposed to contaminated water and over 1400 cases of giardiasis were diagnosed by microscopy. The outbreak resulted from an overflow of sewage water into the drinking water system of a Swedish ski resort. The period of contamination was about 1 week. Sweden is a non-endemic area for Giardia lamblia infection and, for most individuals affected, this was their first contact with the parasite. Few other enteropathogens were isolated from the patients involved. Therefore, an immune response to Giardia was unlikely to be biased by other concomitant infections. Serum samples from 352 exposed persons were collected and analysed for specific IgG and IgA antibodies to G. lamblia by indirect immunofluorescence and the results were related to the microscopic examination of faeces and the occurrence of diarrhoea. As controls, sera from 428 healthy persons were analysed at the same time by identical methods. IgG or IgA antibodies, or both, were found in 68% of patients whose diagnosis was made by microscopy, and in 22% of exposed by microscopically Giardia-negative persons, but in only 10% of healthy controls. The findings show that patients reported as negative for parasites might be infected. The time between infection and blood sampling influenced the result of the antibody test. The results suggest that stool examination should be the primary means of diagnosis of G. lamblia infection and that serological analysis performed at least 3 weeks after infection could contribute to diagnosis in a non-endemic region, when giardiasis is suspected but the parasite has not been detected.
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PMID:Immune response to Giardia lamblia in a water-borne outbreak of giardiasis in Sweden. 158 86

Entamoeba histolytica-specific serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE antibodies were assayed in cases of amoebiasis in an endemic area. Patient groups consisted of amoebic liver abscess (n = 18), preabscess hepatic amoebiasis (n = 22) and amoebic colitis (n = 30). Control subjects comprised 26 asymptomatic cyst passers, 13 giardiasis cases, 20 typhoid patients and 24 non-amoebic individuals. Serum IgG was assayed by ELISA, using a monoclonal anti IgG beta-galactosidase (IgG beta-gal) conjugate, a polyclonal avidin biotin horse radish peroxidase (AB-HRP), and a polyclonal anti IgG horse radish peroxidase (IgG HRP) conjugate. IgA and IgM were assayed by the beta-gal ELISA and IgE by AB-HRP. Diagnostically significant IgG and IgA while lower IgM and IgE antibody levels were seen in extraintestinal cases. About 40% of suspected pre-abscess hepatic amoebiasis cases were confirmed by antibody estimation. All isotype levels in most dysentery cases were in the range of the controls.
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PMID:Detection of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE antibodies in invasive amoebiasis in endemic areas. 169 66

Diagnosis of Giardia intestinalis infection is usually made by examination of stool specimens and/or by more invasive methods such as microscopy of duodenal juice or small bowel mucosal biopsies. Serological diagnostic methods have been developed but have not been evaluated in children. In this study specific anti-Giardia immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG and IgA antibody titres were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Giardia parasites were sought in jejunal mucosal biopsies and in faeces from 72 children in The Gambia, West Africa; 50 jejunal biopsies, 271 stool samples and 95 serum samples were examined for evidence of Giardia infection. As a diagnostic test, a raised specific anti-Giardia IgM antibody titre (greater than or equal to 1:800) had a sensitivity of 63% and specificity of 93%, with a positive predictive value of 85% and a negative predictive value of 81%. There was poor correlation between positive microscopical identification of Giardia and elevated specific anti-Giardia IgG or IgA antibody titres in children on admission to the study. Elevated serum anti-Giardia IgM, however, was correlated well with active Giardia infection and may prove useful in epidemiological studies of giardiasis in developing countries.
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PMID:Evaluation of specific serum anti-Giardia IgM antibody response in diagnosis of giardiasis in children. 180 44

The responses of intestinal T-cell subsets and immunoglobulin containing cells were assessed during the course of experimental Giardia lamblia infection in inbred NMRI mice. Quantitation of T-cell subsets in intraepithelium (IEL) and lamina propria (LPL) revealed increased influx of Lyt 2.2+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) T cells and Thy 1.2+ T cells during the establishment (3-5 days post-inoculation) and peak (9-11 days post-inoculation) phases of infection. The influx of these cells reduced as the parasite load declined. In contrast, no significant change was noticed in lamina propria and intraepithelial L3 T4+ (helper/inducer) T cells during the establishment or acute phases. However, these cells increased significantly in the decline phase (17-21 days post-inoculation) of infection. The lamina propria IgA-containing cells significantly declined during the establishment and acute phases of infection, and increased significantly as the parasite load in the jejunum declined. Helper/inducer ratios of 0.4 for IEL and 2.0 for LPL accompanied the decline of G. lamblia trophozoites in the gut. Our data thus suggest that induction of helper/inducer T cells during the decline phase of infection concomitant with an increase in lamina propria IgA-containing cells resulted in elimination of G. lamblia trophozoites from the gut.
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PMID:Kinetics of intraepithelium and lamina propria lymphocyte responses during Giardia lamblia infection in mice. 183 23


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