Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

From October 1975 to March 1976 an epidemiological survey was carried out in Anambra and Imo states of Nigeria to determine the rate of intestinal worm and protozoan infections in school children. A total of 1742 children, out of which 813 from the urban and 929 from the rural school were screened of intestinal helminths and 1699 were also examined for intestinal protozoan infections. Concentration methods HCL-Ether centrifugation technique and Heidenhain's iron-hematoxylin staining method respectively were adopted for the identification of helminth eggs and protozoal cysts. 1405, i.e. 81% of the total number examined, eggs of one or more helminth species were detected. Carriage-rates of helminth infections were highest (87%) in children from the rural schools, in whom hookworm (90% of carriers) predominated. Besides high rates of hookworm, ascaris and trichuris infections, other parasites of public health importance (Schistosoma mansoni, Paragonimus uterobilateralis and Diphylobothrium latum) were detected. Significantly an increase in the rate of helminthic infections with age was noted in the survey. 55% of the 1699 children examined were carriers of cysts of one or more protozoa species. Higher carriage-rate (56%) of protozoan infections was noted in urban children. Comparatively lambliasis predominated in the urban children, while infection with E. histolytica was recorded slightly higher in rural children.
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PMID:Intestinal parasites of school children in urban and rural areas of Eastern Nigeria. 73 52

Iron status, iron absorption, and intestinal blood loss were studied in 199 children undergoing diagnostic evaluation for suspected malabsorption. Evaluation of iron status included hematological indices, serum ferritin, and transferrin saturation. Iron absorption was assessed by the increment of serum iron after an oral iron load. Iron deficiency was common among patients affected by malabsorptive states, such as celiac disease (84%), cow's milk intolerance (76%), Crohn's disease (72%), and giardiasis (64%), whereas it was less common among patients with postinfectious enteritis (41%) and chronic nonspecific diarrhea (11%). Intestinal blood loss was seen only in patients with Crohn's disease and cow's milk intolerance, irrespective of iron nutritional status. On the other hand, iron malabsorption was very common, affecting 85-95% of the iron-deficient patients in all diagnostic groups, except in chronic nonspecific diarrhea. Iron malabsorption was less common among patients with adequate iron nutritional status than in those with iron deficiency. Iron malabsorption appears to play a major role in the pathogenesis of iron deficiency in patients with malabsorption. The iron absorption test shows greater sensitivity as a screening test for upper intestinal malabsorption than the D-xylose absorption test.
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PMID:Iron absorption and iron deficiency in infants and children with gastrointestinal diseases. 157 7

The haematological status, as well as the fractional absorptions of folic acid (FAFol) and vitamin B12 (FAB12) were studied in 29 children aged 0.7-13.5 years (mean 3.3 years) with chronic diarrhoea due to giardiasis. Small intestinal biopsies revealed mucosal damage in 20 children; the biopsies of the remaining nine children were normal. At the initial investigation the FAFol and FAB12 values were below normal in approximately one-sixth and one-third of patients, respectively. Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestinal tract did not seem to play a role in FAB12 malabsorption. About one-fifth of patients had mild anaemia. None of the patients showed FAB12 insufficiency and only one patient suffered from folate depletion. At follow-up, FAFol, FAB12, haemoglobin and Erc-folate concentrations increased significantly while P-B12 and P-folate remained unchanged. Iron status, as well as dietary intake of iron, appeared insufficient prior to, as well as after treatment. Serum iron, transferrin saturation and haemoglobin concentrations were lower in patients who had acquired the disease abroad or suffered from persistent diarrhoea.
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PMID:Giardiasis: haematological status and the absorption of vitamin B12 and folic acid. 160 Mar

To assess the prevalence and species of intestinal parasitoses and to evaluate the effects of parasitic infections on the nutritional health of northeastern Thai children a survey was carried out among 343 urban and rural 3-8-year-olds in Sakon Nakhon province. Approximately 57% suffered from single or multiple helminthiasis (ancylostomiasis (AD), ascariasis (AL), opisthorchiasis (OV) and/or strongyloidiasis (SS)) and/or giardiasis (GL). In rural areas the prevalence of AD and SS was higher than in urban areas (p less than 0.01 and p less than 0.05 respectively). OV was found more frequently among 6-8-year olds (18%) than among 3-5-year olds (5%); among 3-5-year olds the prevalence of GL was higher than among 6-8-year olds (17 vs 8%). Multiple infections were observed in 13% of the children. Infected children showed lower daily intakes of protein, iron and riboflavin as well as lower menas for haemoglobin, haematocrit, serum ferritin, and Z-score height for age than non-infected children. The prevalence of stunted children was lower among non-infected children (32%) than among infected children (53%), and children with AL (49%), SS (55%), and GL (45%). Anaemia was found more frequently among the infected children (59%) and GL-children (61%) than among non-infected children (42%). Inadequate daily intake of energy and nutrients of most of the children, in combination with parasitic infections, still common in rural northeast Thailand, was shown to result in a serious public health problem.
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PMID:Association between intestinal parasitoses and nutritional status in 3-8-year-old children in northeast Thailand. 210 72

The use of a faecal preservative and several staining methods, together with formalin ether concentration, were evaluated for the improved diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis in 1285 patients with diarrhoea or dysentery and from asymptomatic controls. All samples were screened by three wet mount techniques. Thirty eight specimens of diarrhoeal or dysenteric stool were preserved in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and stained by trichrome and Spencer and Monroe short iron haematoxylin stain. Thirty nine preserved faecal samples submitted for routine screening were subjected to formalin ether concentration, wet mount examination, and permanent staining. Saline and buffered methylene blue (BMB) mounts were equally good for detection of trophozoite Entamoebae while Giardia trophozoites were detected only by the saline mount. The iodine mount was superior to the other mounts for protozoan cyst detection. The concentration procedure enhanced cyst recovery. Faecal preservation and subsequent staining was superior to wet mount examination for detection of the trophozoite stage and avoided the need for fresh specimens. Both the trichrome and the iron haematoxylin stains were comparable for the detection of cysts and trophozoites of the Entomoebae. Giardia lamblia trophozoites stained better with iron haematoxylin than with the trichrome. Preservation and permanent staining is recommended as the most productive means for the accurate identification of the various protozoan parasites.
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PMID:Evaluation of faecal preservation and staining methods in the diagnosis of acute amoebiasis and giardiasis. 245 58

Comparative studies of body weight, height, intracellular water representing cell mass, and age, and plasma concentrations of albumin, vitamins, trace elements and iron stores in Aboriginal children aged 6 to 13.5 years, from two rural Aboriginal settlements and one rural Caucasian school (Hawker) provided evidence of significant deficits in one of the Aboriginal settlements (Yalata). Yalata Aboriginal children had lower body weights and heights for age and lower intracellular water values. Plasma albumin, zinc, iron, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene and retinol concentrations were lower relative to the normally grown Aboriginal children at Nepabunna. The latter children did not differ from rural Caucasian children for the parameters studied. The reasons for this poorer growth at Yalata may reside in poor nutrition, or repeated bowel infection in postnatal life leading to malabsorption, or both. Limited observational evidence suggests that Giardiasis has a high prevalence at Yalata, and it has been shown elsewhere that Giardiasis is capable of inducing malabsorption with resulting nutritional deficiencies.
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PMID:Malnutrition in aboriginal children at Yalata, South Australia. 273 99

Among 10 children with giardiasis, eight had iron deficiency; iron deficiency anemia was the main complaint in three. Evaluation of iron absorption by the oral iron load test demonstrated a subnormal response (i.e., increase in serum iron levels of less than 100 micrograms/dl) in all eight patients with iron deficiency. In contrast, in two iron-sufficient patients with giardiasis the response to an oral iron load was normal. Xylose absorption was abnormal in five of the 10 patients. After metronidazole dosing, iron absorption became normal in seven patients but remained abnormal in one patient, who also had IgA deficiency. Xylose absorption became normal in all five patients who underwent a second test, but remained abnormal in the patient with IgA deficiency. Concomitant morphologic-studies of jejunal biopsy material from these patients revealed moderate changes in the intestinal mucosa of two patients. We conclude that malabsorption of iron is a complication of giardiasis.
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PMID:Iron malabsorption in giardiasis. 400 42

The association between nutrient deficiencies, steroid administration, anti-flagellate therapy and giardiasis was examined using the Giardia muris/mouse model. Administration of steroids to BALB/c mice resulted in persisting high levels of infection with G. muris, whereas untreated animals were able to eliminate this parasite. In addition, steroid treatment significantly reduced the efficacy of anti-flagellate therapy. Protein-deficient mice eliminated the parasite at the same rate as mice on an optimum diet and also developed strong acquired resistance to re-infection. A similar pattern was observed in iron-deficient mice, except that the number of parasites that became established during the first 2 weeks of infection was significantly reduced. Thus, there was no evidence of synergism between iron and protein deficiency and infection in this model.
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PMID:The effect of iron deficiency, protein deficiency and dexamethasone on infection, re-infection and treatment of Giardia muris in the mouse. 744 92

Diagnosis of giardiasis relies largely on the microscopical detection of trophozoites or cysts in feces. However, this method is labour- and time-intensive and depends highly on the skill of an experienced microscopist. In order to identify the prevalence of Giardia lamblia in travellers returning from overseas, we evaluated sensitivity and specificity of a commercially available ELISA kit for the detection of Giardia-lamblia-antigen in stool. Nine hundred seventy-eight stool samples from 795 patients were examined by microscopy (iron-hematoxyilin-stain, SAF-concentration) and ELISA. Altogether, Giardia infection could be detected in 74 subjects. On evaluation of all samples, the ELISA turned out to be more sensitive than microscopy (95.5% vs. 81.8%) and 99.7% specific for Giardia lamblia. Especially with microscopy, the examination of more than one stool specimen did improve diagnostic sensitivity. It seems therefore advisable to retain the practise of examining at least three stool samples before considering a patient as not infected. The coproantigen-ELISA is especially advantageous in situations where only a single stool sample can be examined. It should not, however, replace microscopical examination of stool specimens for ova and parasites since other potential pathogens would otherwise escape detection.
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PMID:Giardiasis in travellers: evaluation of an antigen-capture ELISA for the detection of Giardia lamblia-antigen in stool. 868 51

This study investigated the levels of iron, zinc, and copper and their demolishing effects against lipid peroxidation in chronic giardiasis. Serum iron, zinc and copper levels, erythrocyte cytosolic superoxide dismutase activity, and malondialdehyde levels were measured in 34 children with chronic giardiasis and were compared with controls. The serum iron and zinc levels and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity were significantly lower, and malondialdehyde levels were significantly higher among the children with chronic giardiasis compared to the control group (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in copper levels between the two groups (p > 0.05). Consequently, the oxidant-antioxidant balance may tilt towards the oxidative side due to weakness of the antioxidant system in giardiasis. If early and proper treatment is not performed, free radical-mediated damage might occur in children with chronic giardiasis.
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PMID:Serum iron, zinc and copper levels and lipid peroxidation in children with chronic giardiasis. 1275 77


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