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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries and represent at least a nuisance in the industrialized world. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, particularly via oral rehydration, is the mainstay of therapy for the prevention and treatment of dehydration associated with these illnesses. Antibiotics are not indicated for the majority of enteric infections, and their promiscuous use can contribute to the escalating prevalence of bacterial resistance worldwide. Used judiciously, however, antimicrobial agents can ameliorate illness or curtail pathogen excretion and spread of disease, or both, in some diarrheal infections. Antimicrobial agents are indicated for shigellosis, cholera, traveler's diarrhea, amebiasis, and giardiasis. They are indicated in some specific circumstances to treat infections caused by Campylobacter, some categories of diarrheagenic E. coli, C. difficile, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and certain Vibrionaceae. Few adjunctive treatments provide proven benefit without risk of adverse reactions; most offer no advantage over placebo, and their general use is not encouraged.
Infect Dis Clin North Am 1988 Sep
PMID:Treatment of diarrhea. 307 25

The clinical and pathologic findings of and therapy for such protozoal diseases as equine protozoal myeloencephalitis, toxoplasmosis, sarcocystosis, pneumocytosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, besnoitiosis, and klossiellosis are discussed. Emphasis is placed on disorders that occur with greater frequency in North America and on emerging protozoal diseases affecting horses.
Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 1986 Aug
PMID:Protozoal diseases. 309 Dec 19

Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract in macroglobulinemia is exceedingly rare. We describe a patient with IgM biclonal immunoglobulin disorder associated with diffuse lymphoplasmacytic infiltration of the small intestine. This chronic illness was characterized by diarrhea, steatorrhea, and intestinal pseudo-obstruction. Full-thickness biopsy specimens of the jejunum showed stunted and fused villi, giardiasis, and a widespread cellular infiltrate in the lamina propria extending through the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa and muscular layers. The infiltrate had a cytologically benign appearance that was shown to be polyclonal by immunochemical stains. Intestinal vacuolated plasma cells were occasionally observed in electron microscopic study. The patient has not developed the features of Waldenstrom's disease on a clinical follow-up of 14 years.
J Clin Gastroenterol 1988 Oct
PMID:Macroglobulinemia and small intestinal disease. A case report with review of the literature. 314 96

An antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing rabbit and mouse antisera to Giardia lamblia cyst antigens was developed for the diagnosis of Giardia infection through detection of G. lamblia-specific stool antigens in cell-free aqueous eluates of human stool. This is the first report of the use of anti-cyst antibodies in an enzyme immunoassay for G. lamblia. The assay gave a positive result with 54 of 59 stools from patients with symptomatic, clinically diagnosed giardiasis, giving the test a sensitivity of 91.5%. A negative reading was obtained with all of 25 stools from G. lamblia-negative control patients. The assay could detect as few as 20 sonicated cysts added to control stool eluate. The assay was more sensitive to cyst-derived antigens than to trophozoite-derived antigens. With two exceptions, the assay gave a negative result with stools from patients infected with Entamoeba histolytica (seven), Cryptosporidium sp. (four), or Blastocystis hominis (seven) and thus appears to be specific for G. lamblia antigens. Storage of stool eluates for more than 6 months at 4 degrees C as unpreserved aqueous eluates or as formalinized eluates did not affect the ability of the assay to detect the giardial antigens. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay proved useful for monitoring the levels of G. lamblia-specific stool antigens in the stool of patients undergoing antigiardial chemotherapy.
J Clin Microbiol 1988 Sep
PMID:Enzyme immunoassay for detection of Giardia lamblia cyst antigens in formalin-fixed and unfixed human stool. 318 15

Metronidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative, is a unique antimicrobial agent that is active against both bacterial and parasitic organisms, although only the anaerobic members of these groups are susceptible. It has been used for the treatment of trichomoniasis for almost 30 years and is also effective in amebiasis and giardiasis. More recently, metronidazole has emerged as a principal agent for the treatment of anaerobic infections. It is highly effective against all species of anaerobes except certain non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli and cocci and is the only agent rapidly bactericidal against the Bacteroides fragilis group. The hydroxy metabolite is 65% as effective as metronidazole and may play a major therapeutic role. Clinical studies have substantiated its efficacy for prophylaxis during elective colorectal surgical procedures and the treatment of deep abdominal sepsis (usually in combination with another agent such as an aminoglycoside). Metronidazole is the treatment of choice for bacterial vaginosis and seems to be as effective as vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related diarrhea and colitis. Good blood levels are produced after both oral and intravenous administration, and side effects are infrequent and minimal. Metronidazole should not be taken during the first trimester of pregnancy because of concerns about mutagenicity. Tinidazole and ornidazole are recently developed nitroimidazole derivatives that have even greater antimicrobial activity than metronidazole.
Mayo Clin Proc 1987 Nov
PMID:Symposium on antimicrobial agents. Metronidazole. 331 51

Giardia spp. are common, yet frequently overlooked, parasites of small animals. These parasites may cause chronic diarrhea in dogs and cats. This article discusses the clinical signs of giardiasis, and its diagnosis, treatment, and control.
Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 1987 Nov
PMID:Giardiasis. 332 94

The significance of serum antibodies binding to cysts of Giardia lamblia was evaluated by indirect immunofluorescence. Titers of 10 or higher were found in 85.6% of adults, who had probably never had giardiasis. Titers in 118 adults (geometric mean, 29.9) were higher than in 35 children (16.4), and titers in women (42.3) were higher than in men (20.0). Titers in 150 patients with primary giardiasis (80.4) were higher than in control adults, but overlapping precluded serological diagnosis. Titers increased with the duration of infection. Female patients had higher titers (100.5) than did males (66.1), but men who had been infected longer than 45 days had high titers (132). Titers in second serum samples taken from 26 patients 2 weeks to 3 months after successful nitroimidazole treatment (58.1) were lower than before treatment (151.7) but higher than in 118 controls. We conclude that most people have antibodies which cross-react with G. lamblia but which are induced by other immunogens and that primary giardiasis induces protracted systemic antibody responses.
J Clin Microbiol 1988 Jan
PMID:Antibodies to cysts of Giardia lamblia in primary giardiasis and in the absence of giardiasis. 334 3

To determine whether gerbils can be used as a suitable animal model for giardiasis, we attempted to infect Mongolian gerbils with cysts of Giardia lamblia isolated from the stools of 10 humans with symptomatic and asymptomatic giardiasis. We obtained 100% infection with one isolate (CDC:0284:1), as evidenced by the presence of numerous trophozoites in the intestines of the gerbil and cysts in the feces. Cysts from four patients were not infective, while cysts from the other five patients produced infections in 11 to 75% of the animals. On the basis of these and other experiments, we concluded that (i) only certain isolates of human G. lamblia infect gerbils, colonize the intestine, and complete their life cycle by undergoing differentiation into cysts; (ii) the infection could last for about 39 days, but the animals excreted maximum numbers of cysts on about day 13 postinfection; (iii) the pattern of cyst excretion was irregular, and some gerbils, like humans, excreted cysts intermittently; (iv) the minimum number of cysts needed to establish an infection in 50% of the gerbils was 100; and (v) only certain strains retained the ability to infect gerbils even after repeated animal passage.
J Clin Microbiol 1988 May
PMID:Variable infectivity of human-derived Giardia lamblia cysts for Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). 338 9

A Giardia lamblia-specific antigen (GSA 65) was isolated from stools of G. lamblia-positive patients by crossed- and line-immunoelectrophoresis and counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIE) in agarose by using rabbit antiserum prepared against G. lamblia cysts. CIE with rabbit anti-GSA 65 monospecific antiserum revealed that GSA 65 was present in aqueous stool eluates of giardiasis patients and in cysts and trophozoites of the parasite. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoaffinity-purified antigen followed by Western blotting showed that the molecular weight of this molecule was about 65,000. GSA 65 was detectable by CIE in stool eluates of 36 of 40 giardiasis patients but not in eluates of 10 G. lamblia-negative asymptomatic controls. GSA 65 was detected in stool eluates of 2 of 18 individuals with chronic diarrhea who were negative for parasites by microscopic examination. Cross-specificity studies with other genera of parasitic protozoa performed by using CIE and immunofluorescence indicated that GSA 65 was present only in strains of G. lamblia. Based on these findings, GSA 65 may prove to have an important application in the design of sensitive diagnostic tests for giardiasis.
J Clin Microbiol 1986 May
PMID:Isolation and identification of a Giardia lamblia-specific stool antigen (GSA 65) useful in coprodiagnosis of giardiasis. 351 63

We recently reported the isolation and identification of a Giardia lamblia-specific antigen (GSA 65) that is shed in the stool of giardiasis patients. In the present study, this antigen was affinity purified from sonic extracts of axenically cultured G. lamblia trophozoites and characterized to better understand its biological function and its potential usefulness in the design of coprodiagnostic assays for giardiasis. GSA 65 was resistant to proteolytic digestion with trypsin, chymotrypsin, and protease but was sensitive to treatment with NaIO4 as assessed by Western blotting. This antigen was also stable during prolonged storage at 4 and -20 degrees C in 10% Formalin or distilled H2O as assessed by counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and isoelectric focusing gel banding patterns, in conjunction with protein and carbohydrate assays and lectin binding studies, confirmed that this antigen is a highly glycosylated glycoprotein. The resistance of GSA 65 to proteolytic degradation, together with previous immunofluorescence data that indicate the antigen is an integral part of the G. lamblia cyst wall, suggests that this molecule may play a role in maintaining the integrity of the cyst in vivo. The ability of GSA 65 to maintain its antigenic structure under a wide variety of conditions makes it an ideal antigen around which to design sensitive immunodiagnostic assays for giardiasis.
J Clin Microbiol 1986 Dec
PMID:Physical and chemical characterization of a Giardia lamblia-specific antigen useful in the coprodiagnosis of giardiasis. 353 98


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