Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The tetracyclines are effective in the treatment of Chlamydia, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and rickettsial infections and also can be used for gonococcal infections in patients unable to tolerate penicillin. These drugs may cause gastrointestinal irritation, diarrhea, phototoxic dermatitis, and vestibular damage, and fatal reactions due to hepatotoxicity have occurred in pregnant women. Chloramphenicol has a broad spectrum of bacteriostatic activity, but its association with suppression of the bone marrow and aplastic anemia has relegated it to a historical role. Erythromycin is the drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by M. pneumoniae, Legionella species, group A beta-hemolytic streptococci, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The frequency of serious adverse effects associated with the use of erythromycin is low; dose-related epigastric distress may occur. Clindamycin is bactericidal to most nonenterococcal gram-positive aerobic bacteria and many anaerobic microorganisms. Although historically it was a frequent cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis, clindamycin is considered an excellent alternative to beta-lactam antibiotics for treatment of many staphylococcal infections, and it has therapeutic utility in anaerobic infections and in several protozoan infections in immunosuppressed patients. Metronidazole is efficacious for treating nonpulmonary anaerobic infections, various parasitic infections (trichomoniasis, amebiasis, and giardiasis), nonspecific vaginitis, and Clostridium difficile-mediated colitis. With use of metronidazole, mild side effects such as epigastric discomfort, diarrhea, reversible neutropenia, and allergic-type cutaneous reactions may occur.
Mayo Clin Proc 1991 Dec
PMID:Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole. 174 96

Therapeutic strategies for the treatment of diarrhea of neonatal calves should be logical and should be targeted at correction of physiologic dysfunction. Appropriate, specific antimicrobial or antiprotozoal therapy should be instituted when colibacillosis, salmonellosis, or giardiasis is confirmed or suspected. All calves with diarrhea should be rehydrated if necessary, and proper nutritional support should be provided. Antisecretory agents such as flunixin meglumine and bismuth subsalicylate may be beneficial for treatment of calves with colibacillosis and salmonellosis. Adsorbants, such as attapulgite and bismuth subsalicylate, also may reduce loss of fluids. Perhaps loperamide or a similar drug will be proven effective in calves in the future. Potentially harmful drugs include several antimicrobial agents when they are administered orally, because they result in malabsorption; kaolin and pectin, which increase loss of ions during diarrhea; and motility modifiers that cause a decrease in all types of intestinal motor function. Finally, success should be measured by indicators of production such as survivability, days treated, weight gained, and net profit. Our goal should be to restore and maintain the health of the calf, not simply to alter the volume and consistency of the feces.
Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 1991 Nov
PMID:Treatment of diarrhea of neonatal calves. 176 Jul 58

The efficacy of single-dose ornidazole versus seven days metronidazole in the treatment of giardiasis was tested in a randomized study of 75 Kibbutzim children in Israel. All the children treated were clinically cured, and the parasites disappeared from stool examinations after the first follow-up. By the end of the study (21 days after the beginning of treatment), all the patients remained free of symptoms, but cysts of Giardia lamblia were found in the stools of three children from the ornidazole group (p = 0.24). The possibility of treating Giardia lamblia with ornidazole in a single dose, with results similar to those obtained with a seven-day course of metronidazole, makes this drug a good alternative in the treatment of Giardia lamblia in children, especially if compliance is not assured.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1991 Nov
PMID:Single-dose ornidazole versus seven-day metronidazole therapy of giardiasis in Kibbutzim children in Israel. 179 69

The epidemiology, clinical presentations, and recent developments in understanding Giardia are reviewed. Diagnosis is discussed in light of recent studies that challenge the clinician's approach to the diagnosis of enteric parasites, including giardiasis, and that demonstrate the need for further evaluation on the basis of cost-effectiveness, as well as reliability and clinical practicality. The overall effectiveness and difficulties associated with present standard diagnostic methods and the more recently developed immunologic approaches to diagnosis in giardiasis are reviewed.
Clin Lab Med 1991 Dec
PMID:Laboratory diagnosis of giardiasis. 180 24

The lack of a quick, simple, and inexpensive diagnostic test has limited the ability of public health officials to rapidly assess and control outbreaks of Giardia lamblia in child day-care centers. We evaluated the performance of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of a G. lamblia-associated antigen in stool. Stool specimens were collected from the diapers of 426 children attending 20 day-care centers, fixed in 10% Formalin and polyvinyl alcohol, and examined by microscopy by Formalin concentration and trichrome staining techniques. Specimens were also tested visually and spectrophotometrically by ELISA. Of 99 tests positive by microscopy, 93 were visually positive by ELISA (sensitivity, 93.9%). Of 534 tests negative for G. lamblia by microscopy, 32 (6.0%) were ELISA positive. However, on the basis of examination of multiple specimens from the same child, none of these could be considered false-positive ELISAs; the specificity of the ELISA was therefore 100%. The sensitivity of both microscopy and ELISA improved as the number of specimens per child increased. An optical density value of greater than 0.040 was 98.0% sensitive and 100% specific for G. lamblia. This ELISA, which appeared to be more sensitive for G. lamblia than did microscopic examination of stool, should be useful as an epidemiologic tool, particularly in day-care settings, and may also have a role in confirming clinical diagnoses of giardiasis.
J Clin Microbiol 1991 Jun
PMID:Evaluation of a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Giardia lamblia antigen in stool. 186 30

The epidemiology and clinical presentations of giardiasis are reviewed to provide a basis of understanding the laboratory aspects of this parasitic infection. Diagnosis is then discussed in light of recent studies that challenge our overall approach to the diagnosis of enteric parasites and demonstrate the need for further evaluation on the basis of cost-effectiveness as well as reliability and clinical practicality. Overall effectiveness as well as the difficulties with present standard diagnostic methods in giardiasis are reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the more recently developed immunological approaches to diagnosis. The role of these tests in the parasitology laboratory is also discussed.
Ann Clin Lab Sci
PMID:Immunological methods of diagnosis in giardiasis: an overview. 202 74

This overview provides a discussion of the special concerns of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) for women, particularly because of its asymptomatic character; screening; primary prevention; e.g., abstinence, selection of sexual partners restriction of sexual activities, use of barriers (condoms, vaginal spermicides, diaphragm in conjunction with spermicides), and vaccines; and the role of the gynecologist in StD prevention. Gonorrhea and chlamydial infection are usually asymptomatic STD infections in women; long term sequelae are pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and pregnancy complications. There is an increased risk of cervical cancer. Infection is lifelong for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HIV and malingering for chronic hepatitis B (HPB). Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) and HSV infections cannot be identified serologically. The fetus can be fatally or severely affected by STDs. Abstinence is the only effective prevention for STDs. Likelihood of infection may be reduced by limiting partners, but how partners are chosen and knowledge of infection is a more important determinant. Partners need to be asked about current symptoms, history of STDs, multiple partners, and history of known STD partners, as well as past history of homosexual activity, intravenous drug use, hemophilia, and previous exposure to high-risk persons for STDs. Visible genital warts or lesions, wartlike growths, ulcers, or rash need explanations. Avoidance of oral anal and digital anal activity reduces transmission of hepatitis A, giardiasis, amebiasis, and shigellosis. Any mechanical barrier that remains intact should reduce the risk of STD; barriers specifically covering the cervix are excellent. Condom use is effective when used as follows: 1) at the onset of sexual activity, 2) without petroleum jelly or baby oil on latex, 3) with care of fingernails which may tear holes, 4) with complete withdrawal of the penis before complete detumescence, and 5) with a withdrawal hold at the base of the penis. Spermicides, such as nonoxynol 9, are effective against STDs. Diaphragm use with spermicide may be effective because of the spermicide. There is a reduced risk of transmission of HSV or HPV to a partner. Vaccines are only available for hepatitis B. Obstetrics and gynecology residency training in STDs in unavailable in 4 out of 5 medical schools, and gynecologists are ethically obligated to accurately inform about STD diagnosis, treatment, and diagnosis.
Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1990 Dec
PMID:Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases. 209 42

A capture enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of Giardia lamblia antigen was used to examine 136 fecal samples collected during an outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in a city in the UK. Six cases of Giardia lamblia infection were detected that had previously not been diagnosed by microscopy. The capture EIA provides an efficient means of processing large numbers of samples for prompt and accurate assessment of an epidemic. It may also facilitate rapid tracing of epidemic sources.
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1990 Jun
PMID:Application of a capture enzyme immunoassay in an outbreak of waterborne giardiasis in the United Kingdom. 220 42

Western immunoblot analysis of aqueous extracts of feces obtained from five giardiasis patients and from experimentally infected gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) with rabbit antiserum to Giardia lamblia cysts has revealed antigens of three molecular weight groups. A stepladderlike, evenly-spaced set of strongly reactive antigens (darkest at a molecular weight [m.w.] of 55,000 to 70,000) appeared in the gerbil feces from day 4 (first experiment) or day 2 (second experiment) and lasted to about day 7 but disappeared completely by day 8 and did not reappear later. These antigenic bands were seen in gerbils infected with two isolates of G. lamblia. These bands were not revealed when antiserum to trophozoites was used as the probe, nor were they evident in specimens from the patients or in a preparation of sonicated cysts. A second group of antigens, represented by two to three low-m.w. bands of approximately 15,000 to 20,000, was evident in both the blots of gerbil feces after approximately day 8 and the specimens from the giardiasis patients. The third group of antigens revealed by blotting experiments was a high-m.w. band (approximately 110,000) which appeared on a number of days (beginning of day 8 of gerbil infection), but this band was not seen in the human specimens. A clear band corresponding to the previously reported GSA-65 antigen was not seen in either the gerbil or the human samples. Some low- and high-m.w. bands were also detected by antitrophozoite serum in the gerbil samples, but these were weak and unimpressive compared with those visualized using anticyst serum. A monoclonal antibody-based antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that Giardia spp.-specific stool antigen rose suddenly at day 3 of gerbil infection, at the time when fecal cyst numbers began to rise rapidly.
J Clin Microbiol 1990 Oct
PMID:Identification of Giardia lamblia-specific antigens in infected human and gerbil feces by western immunoblotting. 222 61

The clinical-pathological characteristics of 11 patients with intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (INLH) are described. Five fulfilled the criteria for Herman's syndrome and presented all or several of the following alterations: dysgammaglobulinemia, recurrent respiratory tract infections, sinusitis, pneumonia and giardiasis; of the remaining six cases, in five gammaglobulin levels were not quantified and in one they were normal. All the patients in this group suffered from recurrent pharyngotonsillitis, and Giardia lamblia was isolated in four. In both groups the INLH occurred in young patients with an average age of 21 years. Eight of the 11 were men. The most frequent symptoms included diarrhea, steatorrhea and weight loss. Radiologically, INLH usually was a finding affecting the jejunum and/or the ileum. Prominent lymph nodes in mucosa and submucosa were documented histologically in all cases, and a large decrease or absence of plasma cells in the lamina propria was seen in 7 of the 11. In spite of the diversity in the treatment schemes instituted, symptoms persisted for months or years after diagnosis. In two cases (one with dysgammaglobulinemia and one without) associated intestinal lymphoma existed. Other associated diseases included non-deforming joint arthritis, erythema nodosum, and intestinal infection by E. coli and Entamoeba histolytica.
Rev Invest Clin
PMID:[Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the intestine. Clinico-pathologic characteristics in 11 cases]. 227 Mar 66


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