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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Tinidazole has been reported to be highly effective against trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. In vitro, tinidazole is more active against trichomonads than metronidazole and possesses antiprotozoal activity at least comparable to metronidazole against Entamoeba histolytica, Tinidazole gives higher serum levels in animals following oral administration than metronidazole and is well distributed in organs and tissues. When tinidazole or metronidazole is given to healthy volunteers at a dose of 2g orally, the serum level of tinidazole at 48h is considerably higher than that of metronidazole. At 72h tinidazole is still present but metronidazole is not. These pharmacokinetic differences result from the longer half-life of tinidazole. These findings suggest that tinidazole might prove to be more useful than metronidazole in the treatment of protozoal infections when given in once daily oral doses of 2g.
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PMID:Aspects of the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of nitroimidazoles with special reference to tinidazole. 35 May 61

Eighty-five symptomatic patients with parasitologically confirmed, recently acquired giardiasis were treated in a comparative trial of 2.4 g of metronidazole either once or on two successive days or 2.0 g of tinidazole once. The follow-up period was eight weeks; the parasitological follow-up consisted of 871 stool and 30 duodenal specimens. Reinfections were unlikely. The rates of success were: metronidazole, single dose, 13 of 26; metronidazole, two doses, 24 of 31; and tinidazole, single dose, 26 of 28. Clinical and parasitological effects were parallel in nearly all cases. Tinidazole was more effective, produced fewer side effects, and was recommendable as the drug of choice in single-dose therapy. Pharmacokinetic explanations for therapeutic failure was sought with use of a bioassay of drug concentrations in serum. The outcome of therapy was not related to serum levels at 1hr or 24 hr, or to the rate of elimination. The mean serum half-lives of active metronidazole and tinidazole were 9.5 and 13.0 hr, respectively.
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PMID:Single-dose metronidazole and tinidazole as therapy for giardiasis: success rates, side effects, and drug absorption and elimination. 54 26

A total of 172 patients with giardiasis were treated with four of the drugs most commonly used for this infection. All drugs were used in their usual posologic schedules. The cure rates achieved with furazolidone, nimorazole, metronidazole, and tinidazole were; respectively, 72%, 94%, 87%, and 97%, while in a control group given no medication stools of only 35% of the patients became negative. Side effects were of minor importance in patients treated with nimorazole and metronidazole, and were somewhat more frequent and severe in those treated with furazolidone. Tinidazole produced no side effects.
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PMID:Efficacy of various drugs for treatment of giardiasis. A comparative study. 86 8

Tinidazole, a synthetic imidazole derivative, has been used in the oral treatment of several protozoal infections - trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. Among the protozoal organisms inhibited by tinidazole are Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichomonas foetus, and Entamoeba histolytica. In vitro, tinidazole has been shown to possess antiprotozoal activity at least comparable to, and in some cases greater than, metronidazole. Tinidazole also has activity against some Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli, including Bacteroides spp. Following oral administration of a 2g dose, like metronidazole serum levels peak in about 2 hours but persist for longer. Any clinical significance of the longer plasma half-life (tinidazole 12.5h; metronidazole 7.3h) has yet to be demonstrated. Tinidazole is approximately 20% bound to plasma proteins. Only unchanged drug has been found in the plasma and urine of tinidazole-treated subjects, although metabolites have been detected in animal studies. A single 2g dose of tinidazole has been shown to be effective therapy in vaginal trichomoniasis and in urogenital trichomoniasis in males. Single-dose therapy in general offers advantages in regard to convenience, and in the treatment of a sexually transmissible disease such as trichomoniasis, single-dose therapy facilitates compliance of patient and sexual partner. In comparative studies, tinidazole, in both single-dose and traditional multiple-dose regimens, has been shown to be equivalent and often superior to other antitrichomonal agents, including metronidazole. In intestinal amoebiasis, tinidazole has been evaluated after both once-a-day and multiple daily dose regimens, with the former giving slightly better results. When both metronidazole and tinidazole were administered in multiple daily dose regimens, the two agents yielded similar cure rates; in one study fewer tinidazole-treated patients required a second course. Tinidazole has also been successful in some cases of amoebic liver abscess, but an advantage over metronidazole has not been demonstrated. Results in the treatment of giardiasis, especially with the single-dose regimen, are promising, and in one study, tinidazole proved effective in infections resistant to metronidazole. Even in large doses, tinidazole has been well tolerated, although rarely vomiting may occur and the patient may need to be re-treated with a multiple dose regimen.
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PMID:Tinidazole: a review of its antiprotozoal activity and therapeutic efficacy. 95 9

A 28-year-old woman complained of chronic diarrhoea of about one year's duration, made worse by taking food. As a lactose tolerance test showed evidence of severe intolerance she was given a lactose-free diet, but this brought no improvement. Duodenal biopsy showed villous atrophy, and in the duodenal juice there were numerous flagellated lamblia. After a single oral dose of 2 g tinidazole the diarrhoea stopped, the lamblia disappeared, and the lactose intolerance and villous atrophy cleared up. Lamblia were also detected in the duodenal juice of a 50-year-old woman, but her infection was much more difficult to treat. Tinidazole (single dose of 2 g), metronidazole (800 mg twice daily for 6 days), ornidazole orally 500 mg twice daily for 10 days and ornidazole intravenously 500 mg twice daily for four days all proved ineffective. However, after a 5-day course of epsilon-9-aminacridine (100 mg three times daily by mouth) the diarrhoea ceased and both vegetative forms and lamblia cysts disappeared. These cases emphasize that lambliasis should be considered as a possible cause of severe chronic diarrhoea even when there is no history of travel abroad and when the symptoms are atypical. Conventional chemotherapeutic agents may be ineffective.
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PMID:[Diagnostic and therapeutic problems in Lamblia infections]. 173 Feb 15

Seventy five cases (50 males, 25 females; mean age 20.2 +/- 5.8 years), whose stools were positive for cysts and/or trophozoites of Giardia lamblia, were studied for their clinical profile and therapeutic response to metronidazole and tinidazole. Maximum frequency of cases (41.2%) was noted upto 20 years of age, and it declined with advancing age. A majority of them (41.3%) presented with non-specific symptoms while 38.6% were asymptomatic parasite carriers. Features of malabsorption were observed in 12% of cases and 8% presented with acute illness, having explosive, watery, foul smelling diarrhoea along with crampy upper abdominal discomfort. Most of them (62.5%) had blood group A. Tinidazole (97.5%) was more efficacious (P less than 0.01) than metronidazole (54%) in a single dose of 50 mg/Kg, with good tolerance. Tinidazole can be recommended for the treatment of giardiasis in individual cases as well as in families and close communities.
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PMID:Clinical profile of giardiasis and comparison of its therapeutic response to metronidazole and tinidazole. 181 77

Therapeutic effects of metronidazole (Flagyl), tinidazole (Tricolam 500) and chlorhydrate of quinacrine in a study of 106 children with symptomatic giardiasis are compared. To evaluate results, cure percentage, efficacy and presence of secondary effects were quantified. Tinidazole was demonstrated most effective drug (96% effective) when compared with quinacrine (83.3% effective) and metronidazole (70.2%) (p less than 0.05). Authors recommend following regime: tinidazole 50-75 mg/kg divided in 2-3 doses, one day; chlorhydrate of quinacrine 6 mg/kg/day divided in 3 doses, five days; metronidazole 15-20 mg/kg/day divided in 3 doses, seven to ten days.
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PMID:[Therapeutic results in Giardia lamblia infestation]. 317 58

Metronidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative, is a unique antimicrobial agent that is active against both bacterial and parasitic organisms, although only the anaerobic members of these groups are susceptible. It has been used for the treatment of trichomoniasis for almost 30 years and is also effective in amebiasis and giardiasis. More recently, metronidazole has emerged as a principal agent for the treatment of anaerobic infections. It is highly effective against all species of anaerobes except certain non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli and cocci and is the only agent rapidly bactericidal against the Bacteroides fragilis group. The hydroxy metabolite is 65% as effective as metronidazole and may play a major therapeutic role. Clinical studies have substantiated its efficacy for prophylaxis during elective colorectal surgical procedures and the treatment of deep abdominal sepsis (usually in combination with another agent such as an aminoglycoside). Metronidazole is the treatment of choice for bacterial vaginosis and seems to be as effective as vancomycin for treatment of Clostridium difficile-related diarrhea and colitis. Good blood levels are produced after both oral and intravenous administration, and side effects are infrequent and minimal. Metronidazole should not be taken during the first trimester of pregnancy because of concerns about mutagenicity. Tinidazole and ornidazole are recently developed nitroimidazole derivatives that have even greater antimicrobial activity than metronidazole.
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PMID:Symposium on antimicrobial agents. Metronidazole. 331 51

Tinidazole is a 5-nitroimidazole with selective activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. It is bactericidal at low concentrations and its spectrum covers most anaerobic bacteria and some capnophilic microorganisms. Anaerobic bacteria known to be resistant to tinidazole include anaerobic streptococci, actinomyces and propionibacteria. Tinidazole is one of the most active antibacterial agents against Bacteroides fragilis which is one of the most resistant species of anaerobic bacteria. Only a few strains have been reported to be resistant. Tinidazole has been shown to be efficacious in protozoal infections such as trichomonal vaginitis, amoebiasis and giardiasis. Clinical studies have also shown that tinidazole is efficacious in the treatment of anaerobic infections including respiratory tract infections, intra-abdominal sepsis and obstetrical and gynecological infections. Since tinidazole has no activity against aerobic bacteria, it must be combined with other antibacterial agents in the treatment of mixed infections involving aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Tinidazole has also been used successfully alone or in combination with other antimicrobial agents for prophylaxis in patients undergoing elective colonic and abdominal surgery, emergency appendectomy and gynecological surgery.
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PMID:Tinidazole--microbiology, pharmacology and efficacy in anaerobic infections. 634 Dec 53

Nitroimidazoles have been extensively evaluated in the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, liver and intestinal amebiasis. The most widely used are metronidazole, tinidazole, ornidazole, and secnidazole. Tinidazole, ornidazole, and secnidazole have a much longer half-life than metronidazole, allowing single-dose or once daily administration. Nitro-5-imidazoles remain extremely effective drugs for treating protozoans, Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis. Although all are suspected of potential carcinogenicity, they are the drugs of choice for treating protozoal infections.
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PMID:Nitroimidazoles in the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and amebiasis. 669 65


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