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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

One hundred children suffering from symptomatic giardiasis were treated with either tinidazole or metronidazole in random order. Both the drugs were given as a single oral dose calculated on the basis of 50 mg/kg body weight. Parasitological and clinical cure was obtained in 40 (80%) of 50 patients given tinidazole and in 18(36%) of 50 patients given metronidazole. This difference in cure rates was significant (p less than 0.01). Furthermore, control of diarrhoea and negative stool conversion for G. lamblia were achieved earlier with tinidazole than with metronidazole, the differences being significant (p less than 0.01) from the 8th post-treatment day. Gastro-intestinal side-effects of mild degree occurred in 6 patients on tinidazole and in 2 patients on metronidazole; they comprised nausea, vomiting, and bitter taste. Neither drug caused any abnormal deviation in blood counts or in biochemical tests of liver and kidney function.
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PMID:Single-dose treatment of giardiasis in children: a comparison of tinidazole and metronidazole. 34 Jan 34

Tinidazole, a synthetic imidazole derivative, has been used in the oral treatment of several protozoal infections - trichomoniasis, giardiasis and amoebiasis. Among the protozoal organisms inhibited by tinidazole are Trichomonas vaginalis, Trichomonas foetus, and Entamoeba histolytica. In vitro, tinidazole has been shown to possess antiprotozoal activity at least comparable to, and in some cases greater than, metronidazole. Tinidazole also has activity against some Gram-negative anaerobic bacilli, including Bacteroides spp. Following oral administration of a 2g dose, like metronidazole serum levels peak in about 2 hours but persist for longer. Any clinical significance of the longer plasma half-life (tinidazole 12.5h; metronidazole 7.3h) has yet to be demonstrated. Tinidazole is approximately 20% bound to plasma proteins. Only unchanged drug has been found in the plasma and urine of tinidazole-treated subjects, although metabolites have been detected in animal studies. A single 2g dose of tinidazole has been shown to be effective therapy in vaginal trichomoniasis and in urogenital trichomoniasis in males. Single-dose therapy in general offers advantages in regard to convenience, and in the treatment of a sexually transmissible disease such as trichomoniasis, single-dose therapy facilitates compliance of patient and sexual partner. In comparative studies, tinidazole, in both single-dose and traditional multiple-dose regimens, has been shown to be equivalent and often superior to other antitrichomonal agents, including metronidazole. In intestinal amoebiasis, tinidazole has been evaluated after both once-a-day and multiple daily dose regimens, with the former giving slightly better results. When both metronidazole and tinidazole were administered in multiple daily dose regimens, the two agents yielded similar cure rates; in one study fewer tinidazole-treated patients required a second course. Tinidazole has also been successful in some cases of amoebic liver abscess, but an advantage over metronidazole has not been demonstrated. Results in the treatment of giardiasis, especially with the single-dose regimen, are promising, and in one study, tinidazole proved effective in infections resistant to metronidazole. Even in large doses, tinidazole has been well tolerated, although rarely vomiting may occur and the patient may need to be re-treated with a multiple dose regimen.
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PMID:Tinidazole: a review of its antiprotozoal activity and therapeutic efficacy. 95 9

During the period from March through November 1989, 70 children who were attended at the Pediatric Department at Central Hospital in Valencia, were enrolled in the study, it was thought that Giardia lamblia infection might be present. Giardia L. were identified using two different diagnostic procedures: from stool samples and duodenal aspirates for cysts or trophozoites examination. These children were treated with Metronidazole three dosage of 15, 30 and 50 mg/kg per day for a ten day period. Our study showed predominant giardiasis in children with ages ranging from 2 to 6 years old (60%) with a relationship between female and male sex 1.05:1. In this series, 72.8% of patients presented normal nutrition, and 55.7% of them were from the suburban area. The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal distention, constipation and flatulence. The infants prevalent symptom was diarrhea (83.3%) and the older children and school children prevalent symptom was abdominal pain with 78.5 and 100% respectively. In this study, stool examination was positive in 97.1% of the children and duodenal aspirate was positive in all 70 children (100%); the first procedure showed predominant Giardia cysts (88.2%) and the second one showed predominant trophozoites (47.1%). All 70 patients (100%) were cured with Metronidazole to different dosage. Side effects were seen with only the maxim dose, such as nausea 40%, headache 10% and appearance of yeast into 50% of duodenal aspirate.
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PMID:[Giardia lamblia: comparison of two diagnostic methods and evaluation of response to treatment with metronidazole]. 184 30

A 10-year-old mentally retarded girl was sent to our hospital due to generalized edema, vomiting and poor appetite for several days. Serum albumin level was low, but no proteinuria was detected. Her stool was bulky and foul. Stool examination for parasite with formalin-ether concentration method revealed negative result. Trypsin activity test of stool revealed low trypsin activity as compared with normal specimen. Daily fecal fat exceeded upper normal limit. The diagnosis of giardiasis was confirmed by duodenal juice examination. Intestinal histology revealed mild shortening of the villi with increased mononuclear cell infiltration in the lamina propria. The daily stool amount decreased markedly after treatment with metronidazole 250 mg three times a day for 7 days. The edema subsided during the treatment. Serum albumin bevel returned to normal after the treatment. Giardiasis with malabsorption syndrome has often been overlooked in Taiwan. It is advised that in case of malabsorption syndrome giardiasis should be included in the list of differential diagnosis.
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PMID:[Giardiasis with malabsorption syndrome: report of one case]. 227 67

Eight pediatric patients with presenting symptoms of chronic diarrhea, abdominal cramps, weight loss, and/or recurrent emesis were diagnosed as having giardiasis by duodenal brush cytology. All patients had at least three stool specimens examined for ova and parasites, which failed to reveal Giardia lamblia cysts or trophozoites. In each patient, the small intestinal mucosal biopsies as well failed to reveal giardia. No complications were encountered during any of the procedures. Duodenal brush cytology for giardiasis appears to be a valuable diagnostic adjunct potentially superior to stool examination as well as endoscopic grasp small bowel biopsy.
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PMID:Diagnosis of giardiasis in infants and children by endoscopic brush cytology. 277 64

The importance of Cryptosporidium species as a cause of diarrhea in the childhood population has increased since the examination of fecal samples has been introduced in microbiological laboratories. A one-year prospective survey carried out on 699 children from rural and urban districts examined at the University Hospital in Salamanca (Spain) revealed 8 cases of cryptosporidiosis (1.1% of the children studied). Most of the cases (5 patients) were observed in the January-April period. Seven of the eight cases occurred in children younger than 3 years of age. All the children with cryptosporidiosis were immunocompetent. Diarrhea (75.0%) and vomiting (50.0%) were the most frequent clinical features of the cryptosporidiosis. In one quarter of the cases, other pathogens were associated. A comparison is made with the incidence of giardiasis, which is the commonest intestinal parasitosis in our community.
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PMID:The incidence of cryptosporidiosis in children: a one-year prospective survey in a general hospital in Spain. 278 57

In Lesotho's central hospital 55 (25%) of 218 admissions for severe PEM died during 1981 and 1982. Most deaths (62%) occurred in the first week. The most important causes of death were acute GE and pneumonia in marasmus and kwashiorkor, respectively. The cause of death remained obscure in 16 children, however. In marasmus a poor prognosis was significantly associated with the finding on admission of a temperature less than 36.5 degrees C (P less than 0.05), apathy (P less than 0.01) and a depigmented skin (P less than 0.05), while in marasmic kwashiorkor only the finding of the latter was significantly (P less than 0.05) associated with death. In non-survivors with kwashiorkor the following characteristics were observed significantly more often: complaints of diarrhoea and/or vomiting on admission (P less than 0.05), the finding of apathy, pallor, skin defects and hepatomegaly on admission (P less than 0.01), and the finding of a low serum albumen, Na+ and K+ in the first days (P less than 0.05). Irritability was significantly (P less than 0.05) more common in survivors with kwashiorkor. Xerophthalmia was observed only once. Infections were diagnosed in 86% of all and giardiasis in 28% of 146 children. Twenty-eight children contracted measles of whom 5 died. Severe PEM still carries a high mortality despite hospitalisation. The findings confirm the need for intensive management of severe PEM.
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PMID:Severe protein energy malnutrition in Lesotho, death and survival in hospital, clinical findings. 310 Dec 51

Although Giardia lamblia cysts are an important contaminant of surface water supplies, only one swimming pool outbreak, involving an infant and toddler swim class, has been reported. We describe an outbreak of giardiasis associated with a hotel's new water slide pool which was cleansed by both bromination and sand filtration. Among the 107 hotel guests and their visitors surveyed, 29 probable and 30 laboratory-confirmed cases of Giardia infection were found. Cases ranged from 3 to 58 years of age, with a mean age of 21 years. The 5-year modal age grouping was 5 to 10 years of age. Symptoms in the 59 cases included: diarrhea (48), cramps (38), foul smelling stools (29), loss of appetite (23), fatigue (20), vomiting (18), greasy stools (15), fever (11) and weight loss (10). Four children and 2 adults were hospitalized. Significant associations were found for staying at the hotel, using the water slide pool and swallowing pool water. A possible contributing factor was the emptying of an adjacent toddlers' wading pool, a potential source of fecal material, into the water slide pool. Transmission of Giardia can occur in water slide pools and therefore should be considered in cases of protracted diarrhea among users of such pools.
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PMID:Giardiasis associated with the use of a water slide. 334 75

Previous studies have suggested that Giardia lamblia may cause nonulcer dyspepsia as the sole manifestation of infection. To explore this premise, duodenal aspirates from patients undergoing upper endoscopy were examined for Giardia and results were correlated with endoscopic findings and symptoms. Of 155 patients, 15.5% had Giardia. Patients with dyspepsia, with or without obvious lesions at endoscopy, had a similar prevalence. Patients with vomiting and diarrhea had an increased prevalence (38.5%) (p less than 0.05). The prevalence of Giardia lamblia in this patient population is surprisingly high. This study suggests that Giardia lamblia infection is not a major cause of nonulcer dyspepsia.
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PMID:Giardia lamblia in patients undergoing endoscopy: lack of evidence for a role in nonulcer dyspepsia. 341 Feb 37

Giardia lamblia is the first protozoan to be identified and recognized as an important pathogen in human disease. We studied 8 pediatric patients with giardiasis in order to examine the clinical spectrum, the structural changes of the small intestinal mucosa and mainly the protozoan's ultrastructural features. The most common clinical manifestations were diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, vomiting, failure to thrive. Infection was confirmed by excreted cysts in the stools in one patient, by the presence of trophozoites in duodenal aspirate and on jejunal mucosa. Giardiasis was not associated with hypogammaglobulinemia in our patients and no or only slight mucosal abnormalities were present in jejunal biopsies, except one which showed a flat mucosa. Specimens for transmissions and scanning electron microscopy were taken. We could establish the protozoan's features, its normal distribution, its relationship to intestinal mucosa and structural indications of the normal reaction of intestine with the use of ultrastructural techniques. The trophozoites colonized the proximal intestine, adhered to microvilli of columnar cells near the bases of villi, wedged or lodged in mucus. The sticky mucus producing an effective diffusion barrier to nutrients could explain malabsorption phenomena. Numerous intraluminal lymphocytes were seen, suggesting an immune response. These observations indicate that in giardiasis the clinical spectrum and structural changes of the small intestinal mucosa vary widely, suggesting a different reaction of immune system and/or a different degree of infection.
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PMID:[Giardiasis in children. Ultrastructural study of the parasite]. 664 80


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