Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Before 1970, laboratory staff could not only identify the causative organism of acute diarrhea in 20% of cases, but in 1990, they could identify it in 80% of cases. These organisms are either bacteria, virus, or parasites. The bacteria include enterotoxigenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus) and enteroinvasive bacteria (Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and Salmonella and Shigella species). The leading cause of death in diarrhea patients is dehydration. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) can alleviate mild and moderate dehydration regardless of the etiology of the diarrhea or the age of the patient. WHO recommends an ORS containing glucose and various electrolytes which permit salt and water absorption in many cases of acute diarrhea. Due to the possibility of excess salt entering the bloodstream (hypernatremia), some pediatricians do not use the WHO recommended ORS in newborns and young infants. Instead they use 2 parts ORS followed by 1 part water. This treatment is not easy for illiterate mothers to follow, however. Continued breast feeding during diarrheal episodes along with administration of ORS protects not only against dehydration, but also hypernatremia. ORS should not be administered in severe case of dehydration, however. Medical personnel need to administer replacement fluid such as Ringer's Lactate solution intravenously regardless of the age group. Once the initial deficit has been controlled, ORS administration and reintroduction of foods can follow. Antibiotics should only be administered if the medical personnel suspect severe cholera in an endemic area (tetracycline and furazolidone); shigellosis, but 1st the bacteria must be tested to see if the strain is multiple drug resistant (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, furazolidone, nalidixic acid), and acute amebiasis or giardiasis (metronidazole and tinidazole). Antidiarrheals should not be used.
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PMID:Management of acute diarrhoea. 210 85

This study reports the management of infants with chronic diarrhoea by colostrum feeding. Eight children with chronic diarrhoea, ranging from 9 months to 3 years of age and all from low socio-economic families, formed the basis of this study. They were undernourished and marasmic. Stool examination showed enteropathogenic E. coli in all eight cases, Ascaris lambricoidis in four, and Giardia lamblia in one. Patients with chronic diarrhoea, in whom no cause was found were excluded from this study. All eight patients were administered 20 ml fresh human colostrum daily for 7 days. In addition, those patients, who had giardiasis, received metronidazole treatment, while cases with ascariasis were given antihelminthic therapy irrespective of the groups they belonged to. Our results indicated effective antidiarrhoea action of colostrum in some patients with chronic diarrhoea of infective origin.
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PMID:Use of human colostrum in the management of chronic infantile diarrhoea due to enteropathogenic E. coli infection with associated intestinal parasite infestations and undernutrition. 212 64

From 1986 to 1988, 24 states and Puerto Rico reported 50 outbreaks of illness due to water that people intended to drink, affecting 25,846 persons. The protozoal parasite Giardia lamblia was the agent most commonly implicated in outbreaks, as it has been for the last 10 years; many of these outbreaks were associated with ingestion of chlorinated but unfiltered surface water. Shigella sonnei was the most commonly implicated bacterial pathogen; in outbreaks caused by this pathogen, water supplies were found to be contaminated with human waste. Cryptosporidium contamination of a chlorinated, filtered public water supply caused the largest outbreak during this period, affecting an estimated 13,000 persons. A large multistate outbreak caused by commercially produced ice made from contaminated well water caused illness with Norwalk-like virus among an estimated 5,000 persons. The first reported outbreak of chronic diarrhea of unknown cause associated with drinking untreated well water occurred in 1987. Twenty-six outbreaks due to recreational water use were also reported, including outbreaks of Pseudomonas dermatitis associated with the use of hot tubs or whirlpools, and swimming-associated shigellosis, giardiasis, and viral illness. Although the total number of reported water-related outbreaks has been declining in recent years, the few large outbreaks due to Cryptosporidium, Norwalk-like agent, Shigella sonnei, and Giardia lamblia caused more cases of illness in 1987 than have been reported to the Water-Related Disease Outbreak Surveillance System for any other year since CDC and the Environmental Protection Agency began tabulating these data in 1971.
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PMID:Waterborne disease outbreaks, 1986-1988. 215 47

This paper gives a literature review about Giardia lamblia, an unicellular infectious agent, which is responsible for parasitic intestine-diseases. Morphologically, life-cycle, occurrence and caused symptoms of illnesses are described. The content of this publication is the question about the meaning of the importance of the pathogenic agent for water-borne epidemics. During the past 15-20 years the number of cases of water-transmitted giardiasis has increased enormously, especially in the USA, but in other countries, too. Modes of transmission of drinking-water supplied with surface-water are the origins as a rule. The set of problems becomes more interesting, because in Hungary cysts of Giardia lamblia in drinking-water were isolated recently. In this context it is to refer to the not unimportant number of unspecific diarrhoea with obscure origin in general. That's why it is necessary to value Giardia lamblia under the conditions of using surface-water for drinking-water as a potential water hygienic factor of risk.
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PMID:[The significance of Giardia lamblia for water hygiene]. 219 85

Local humoral response of the intestinal mucosa was determined with secretory IgA levels and secretory component activity in enterocytes and duodenal content of 15 children infected with G. intestinalis. The obtained results were compared to those in 5 children with coeliac disease and 12 children with diarrhoea without lambliasis. Secretory IgA was increased in about 50% of children with lambliasis (in the remaining groups in 25% of children) to the values higher than that in the comparative groups. Secretory component activity was relatively high in the intestinal epithelium. Secretory component activity in the duodenal content was high in about 40% of children independently of the examined group. No correlation between the said variables was noted except positive correlation of secretory IgA levels and secretory component activity in the bile.
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PMID:[Humoral response of the immunologic secretory system of the small intestine in children infected with Giardia intestinalis]. 221 59

The role of Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia as causative agents of paediatric diarrhoea was studied in a southern Indian population. Relationship between infant feeding practices, co-existing malnutrition and the occurrence of intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis was also examined. The subjects were 361 paediatric patients with acute diarrhoea and 70 hospitalized control children without diarrhoea. Faecal samples from cases and controls were examined for the protozoal pathogens using faecal preservatives, permanent staining and formalin-ether concentration. Bacteriological studies were conducted on 244 of the 361 cases. A high prevalence of invasive amoebiasis was seen in the 0-6 month (12.5%) and 7-12 month (20.3%) age groups. Giardiasis was uncommon under 6 months (2.1%) but occurred in 8-10% of all other age groups. Invasive amoebiasis occurred mainly in children on weaning foods (45.9%) but also [corrected] in exclusively breast-fed children (13.5%). Giardiasis was not seen in exclusively breast-fed infants, but commonly occurred in older children on normal diets. There was no association between amoebiasis or giardiasis and malnutrition.
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PMID:Intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis in southern Indian infants and children. 226 Jan 73

The clinical-pathological characteristics of 11 patients with intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (INLH) are described. Five fulfilled the criteria for Herman's syndrome and presented all or several of the following alterations: dysgammaglobulinemia, recurrent respiratory tract infections, sinusitis, pneumonia and giardiasis; of the remaining six cases, in five gammaglobulin levels were not quantified and in one they were normal. All the patients in this group suffered from recurrent pharyngotonsillitis, and Giardia lamblia was isolated in four. In both groups the INLH occurred in young patients with an average age of 21 years. Eight of the 11 were men. The most frequent symptoms included diarrhea, steatorrhea and weight loss. Radiologically, INLH usually was a finding affecting the jejunum and/or the ileum. Prominent lymph nodes in mucosa and submucosa were documented histologically in all cases, and a large decrease or absence of plasma cells in the lamina propria was seen in 7 of the 11. In spite of the diversity in the treatment schemes instituted, symptoms persisted for months or years after diagnosis. In two cases (one with dysgammaglobulinemia and one without) associated intestinal lymphoma existed. Other associated diseases included non-deforming joint arthritis, erythema nodosum, and intestinal infection by E. coli and Entamoeba histolytica.
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PMID:[Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the intestine. Clinico-pathologic characteristics in 11 cases]. 227 Mar 66

Sixty children with chronic diarrhoea, age ranging from 9 months to 3 years and 15 normal healthy children of same age group, all belonging to the low socio-economic families formed the basis of this study. Fifty-six out of these 60 children were undernourished and were marasmic. Stool examination showed enteropathogenic E. coli in 24 (40 per cent), Ascaria lumbricoides in 12 (20 per cent) and Giardia lamblia in 6 (10 per cent). Coeliac disease was detected in 2 (3 per cent) and combined IgA-IgG deficiencies were found in one case (2 per cent). No cause could be found in 15 (25 per cent) cases. Multiple aetiological factors were found in 7 (12 per cent) cases. Stool IgA levels were significantly elevated in the patients than in the controls and more so in the patients with giardiasis and also in patients with coeliac disease. Serum IgA levels were remarkably raised in the patients with diarrhoea due to enteropathogenic E. coli, indicating probable spilling of gut-associated IgA into the circulation. No IgA was detected in the stool of a dysgammaglobulimic patient, who had both serum IgA and IgG deficiencies.
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PMID:Raised stool and serum IgA levels in undernourished infants with chronic diarrhoea and associated parasitic infestations. 235 7

The use of a faecal preservative and several staining methods, together with formalin ether concentration, were evaluated for the improved diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis in 1285 patients with diarrhoea or dysentery and from asymptomatic controls. All samples were screened by three wet mount techniques. Thirty eight specimens of diarrhoeal or dysenteric stool were preserved in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and stained by trichrome and Spencer and Monroe short iron haematoxylin stain. Thirty nine preserved faecal samples submitted for routine screening were subjected to formalin ether concentration, wet mount examination, and permanent staining. Saline and buffered methylene blue (BMB) mounts were equally good for detection of trophozoite Entamoebae while Giardia trophozoites were detected only by the saline mount. The iodine mount was superior to the other mounts for protozoan cyst detection. The concentration procedure enhanced cyst recovery. Faecal preservation and subsequent staining was superior to wet mount examination for detection of the trophozoite stage and avoided the need for fresh specimens. Both the trichrome and the iron haematoxylin stains were comparable for the detection of cysts and trophozoites of the Entomoebae. Giardia lamblia trophozoites stained better with iron haematoxylin than with the trichrome. Preservation and permanent staining is recommended as the most productive means for the accurate identification of the various protozoan parasites.
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PMID:Evaluation of faecal preservation and staining methods in the diagnosis of acute amoebiasis and giardiasis. 245 58

Infection of the small intestine of humans with the parasitic protozoon Giardia lamblia may have an asymptomatic course, or it may produce acute or chronic diarrhoea. In order to establish if the different clinical outcome of giardiasis in children could be due, at least partially, to strain differences, 19 isolates from asymptomatic and symptomatic cases studied in Mexico City were cultured under axenic conditions and the isoenzyme electrophoretic patterns of 10 different enzymes were compared. Strains from carriers and from symptomatic cases of giardiasis were equally amenable to isolation and axenization. Isoenzyme electrophoresis demonstrated remarkable homogeneity in 7 enzyme patterns for all 19 isolates, except for phosphoglucomutase, for which 3 different zymodemes were found. Therefore, these isolates of G. lamblia, obtained from a single geographical location, tended to be genetically homogeneous. In addition, there were no consistent zymodeme differences between isolates from symptomatic and asymptomatic human infections.
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PMID:Giardia lamblia: isoenzyme analysis of 19 axenic strains isolated from symptomatic and asymptomatic patients in Mexico. 253 17


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