Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The adverse effects and treatment failures to some of the currently recommended drugs for giardia infection have given rise to the need for alternative antigiardial agents. In an open, randomized parallel group study, the safety and efficacy of albendazole was compared with metronidazole for the treatment of giardiasis in children. Sixty four children of age ranging from 2-12 years was randomized to receive either albendazole suspension 400 mg daily for 5 days or metronidazole suspension 400 mg daily for 5 days or metronidazole suspension 7.5 mg/Kg thrice daily for 5 days. The mean days required for cure, as evident by absence of cysts and/or trophozoites in the stool specimen, were 3.7 +/- 1.4 and 4.5 +/- 1.1 days, respectively for children on albendazole and metronidazole therapy. Six children on metronidazole therapy developed anorexia 2 to 4 days after the treatment. Albendazole proved as effective as metronidazole in the treatment of giardia infection in children with the added advantage of the absence of anorexia.
 ...
PMID:A comparative clinical trial of albendazole versus metronidazole in children with giardiasis. 861 82

A 10-year study of Giardia intestinalis infections in adults was conducted in the Dakshina Kannada District of Karnataka State, South India. Coproparasitological investigations were made on 10,000 stool specimens collected from selected patients. The infection rate was 37.1% with a male disease rate of 91.4%. The highest incidence rate was recorded in the age group 15-26 years. A possible reason for this preponderance of giardiasis in these males, is discussed. The optimum time for transmission appeared to be during the warmer months of the year (May to October) which coincided with the greatest amount of rainfall. The most common symptoms were abdominal discomfort, flatulence, diarrhoea, weight loss and anorexia. The predominating symptoms in our series varied with socio-economic level. There appeared to be some correlation between the clinical manifestations and the immune status of the individual.
 ...
PMID:Giardiasis in the adult population of Dakshina Kannada district of south India. 948 Nov 96

Giardiasis and soil-transmitted helminthosis are prevalent in many parts of the world. Application of a single drug for treatment of both giardiasis and soil-transmitted helminthosis is highly desirable. One hundred children of both sexes, ranging from 7 to 12 years old with Giardia intestinalis cysts or trophozoites in their stool samples, were randomly separated into two groups of 50 individuals each. Each group received either mebendazole tablets 200 mg thrice daily for 5 days or metronidazole tablet 15 mg/kg/day in three divided doses, for 7 days. The results were evaluated by microscopic examination of stools on two successive occasions: 1 week and 2 weeks after treatment. Each occasion consisted of three stool examination on 3 successive days. The cure rate of mebendazole-treated children was 43 out of 50 (86 per cent), and for metronidazole it was 45 out of 50 (90 per cent) with no statistical difference between the two groups. No side-effects were observed in the mebendazole-treated group, whereas nausea, anorexia and metallic taste were observed in 4.9, 6 and 24 per cent of metronidazole-treated children, respectively. In conclusion, the use of mebendazole, which is less toxic with no side-effects, is available and effective on Giardia intestinalis as well as intestinal nematodes, is recommended especially in the areas where giardiasis and intestinal nematodiasis are prevalent and overlap.
 ...
PMID:Comparative clinical trial of mebendazole and metronidazole in giardiasis of children. 1141 83

A total of 152 infants were followed from birth to 1 year of age in a rural community of Egypt to document Giardia lamblia infection and to determine the effect of breast-feeding on enteric infections by this protozoan. Asymptomatic Giardia infections persisted as long as 4 months, with a mean duration of excretion of 7.18 weeks. The incidence of asymptomatic infection was 4.5 episodes per child-year. Exclusively breast-fed infants had lower risk for asymptomatic (odds ratio [OR] = 0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.45-0.96, P < 0.05) and symptomatic infections (relative risk [RR] = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.27-0.90, P < 0.05). Furthermore, breast-fed infants had fewer clinical manifestations, including mucus in stool (23.8% versus 76.2%, P = 0.08), loss of appetite (17.6% versus 82.3%, P < 0.05), and abdominal tenderness (17% versus 82.9%, P < 0.05) compared with infants who were not exclusively breast-fed. Breast-feeding should be considered as an effective means to prevent Giardia infections and should be encouraged in regions where G. lambia is highly endemic.
 ...
PMID:Impact of breast-feeding on Giardia lamblia infections in Bilbeis, Egypt. 1156 14

A total of 200 cases aged 1-13 years complaining of symptoms suggestive of giardiasis in addition to thirty normal healthy children as a control group was examined clinically and laboratory using stool examination and detection of Giardia coproantigen in faeces by Dot ELISA and direct IFA. Stool examination detected 39 cases (19.5%) while Dot ELISA and direct IFA detected 49 cases (24.5%) with 100% sensitivity and 93.8% specificity. The common clinical findings were diarrhea, abdominal cramps, anorexia, underweight, pallor and manifestations of vitamin deficiency. The results were discussed.
 ...
PMID:Comparative study on ELISA, IFA and direct methods in diagnosis of giardiasis. 1221 16

In giardiasis symptomatic group (I) the prevalence of diarrhoea was 5/7 (71.43%), 13/13 (100%) in Grade 0, I, II, III and IV pathology respectively which is statistically insignificant in comparison to each other (P > 0.05). The prevalence of abdominal pain is 71.43%, 73.33%, 95%, 91.67% and 100% in Grade 0, I, II, I & IV pathology respectively which is statistically insignificant to each other (P > 0.05). The prevalence of flatulence is 42.86%, 40%, 80%, 83.33% and 100% in Grade 0, I, II, III & IV pathology respectively, was statistically significant in comparison to each other (P < or = 0.05) So, the prevalence of flatulence is more frequent in patients with marked pathological changes in the duodenum. The prevalence of anorexia was 14.29%, 53.33%, 65%, 50% & 100% in Grade 0, I, II, III & IV pathology respectively, statistically significant in comparison to each other (P < or = 0.05). The prevalence of vomiting was 0%, 13.33%, 15%, 16.67 & 85.71% in Grade 0, I, II, III and IV pathology respectively, significant increased in Grade IV and absent in Grade 0 (P < or = 0.001).
 ...
PMID:The histo-pathology of human giardiasis. 1470 59

There was statistically significant difference between all groups of giardiasis patients regarding the grade of CD4 lymphocyte infiltration (P<0.001), being more marked in symptomatic group. The prevalence of flatulence, anorexia and vomiting were more frequent in patients with heavy CD4 lymphocyte infiltration in duodenum. A high statistical significant increase was in the mean OD values of anti-Giardia duodenal secretory IgA in patients with marked CD4 infiltration in duodenum. But, a statistical insignificant difference in mean OD values of anti-Giardia total serum Ig in patients with different grades of CD4 infiltration in symptomatic group. There was statistically significant increased in the mean OD values of anti-Giardia total serum Ig in patients with marked intraepithelial CD8 lymphocyte Infiltration in the duodenum In the asymptomatic group, there was statistically insignificant difference in the mean OD values of anti-Giardia total serum Ig in patients with different grade of intra-epithelial CD8 infiltration in symptomatic group. There is statistically significant increased in the mean OD values of anti-Giardia total serum Ig in patients with marked intra-epithelial CD8 lymphocyte infiltration in the duodenum regarding immunohistochemical staining of Giardia antigen in duodenal biopsies. All the 61 symptomatic giardiasis patients revealed Giardia antigen stains in their duodenal biopsies with a sensitivity of 100% while asymptomatic group a sensitivity of 93.181%. None in the controls showed positive Giardia antigen in the duodenal biopsies with 100% specificity.
 ...
PMID:Cellular immune response in giardiasis. 1470 60

A total of 82 out-patients were examined for Giardia copro-antigens and 12 neonate stool samples as control. ELISA had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 91.67%. ELISA (O.D.) had neither significant correlation to Giardia cyst count, to stool consistency or presence of blood, mucus or fat in stool, nor to age but positive correlation to the severity of diarrhoea, colic, nausea, anorexia, weight loss, distension and fatigue. Giardia cyst count was higher in cases with loose stool, while ELISA (O.D.) correlated positively with symptoms except constipation and vomiting. The different in clinical outcome of giardiasis can be attributed, partially to strain differences and host resistance.
 ...
PMID:Degree of symptoms versus copro-antigen levels in Giardia lamblia infection. 1588 Sep 96

A total of 1,885 blood and stool samples of four main protozoan parasitic infections were retrospectively reviewed from January, 2000 to April, 2004. Eleven of the 1,350 stool samples were shown positive for Cryptosporidium and Giardia infections; one of the 5 cases was clinically diagnosed as gastrointestinal cryptosporidiosis, while 6 cases were giardiasis. In patients with giardiasis, children were among the high-risk groups, making up 66.7% of these patients. The common presenting signs and symptoms were: diarrhea (83.3%), loss of appetite (83.3%), lethargy (83.3%), fever (66.7%), nausea/vomiting (50.0%), abdominal pain (16.7%), dehydration (16.7%) and rigor and chills (16.7%). Metronidazole was the drug of choice and was given to all symptomatic patients (83.3%). For the blood samples, 28 of the 92 peripheral smears for Plasmodium spp infection were diagnosed as malaria. The age range was from 4 to 57, with a median of 32.5 years. The sex ratio (M:F) was 3.6:1, while the age group of 30-44 years was the most commonly affected in both sexes. The majority of patients were foreigners (60.7%) and non-professional (39%). Plasmodium vivax (71%) infection was the most common pathogen found in these patients, along with a history of traveling to an endemic area of malaria (31%). The predominant presenting signs and symptoms were: fever (27%), rigor and chills (24%), nausea/vomiting (15%) and headache (8%). Chloroquine and primaquine was the most common anti-malarial regimen used (78.6%) in these patients. The seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis in different groups was 258/443 (58%): seropositive for IgG 143 (32.3%); IgM 67 (15%); and IgG + IgM 48 (10.8%). The age range was from 1 to 85, with a mean of 34 (+/- SD 16.6) years. The predominant age group was 21 to 40 years (126; 28.4%). The sex ratio (M:F) was 1.2:1. Subjects were predominantly male (142; 32%) and the Malay (117; 26.4%). Of these, 32 cases were clinically diagnosed with ocular toxoplasmosis. The range of age was from 10 to 56 years with a mean of 30.5 (+/- SD 12.05) years. The sex ratio (M:F) was 1:1.7. The majority were in the age group of 21 to 40 years, female (20; 62.5%), and Malay (17; 53%). They were also single (16; 50%), unemployed (12; 37%), and resided outside Kuala Lumpur (21; 65.6%). The more common clinical presentations were blurring of vision (25; 78%), floaters (10; 31%) and pain in the eye (7; 22%). We found that funduscopic examination (100%) and seropositivity for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies (93.7%) were the main reasons for investigation. Choroidoretinitis was the most common clinical diagnosis (69%), while clindamycin was the most frequently used antimicrobial in all cases. Among HIV-infected patients, 10 cases were diagnosed as AIDS-related toxoplasmic encephalitis (TE) (9 were active and 1 had relapse TE). In addition, 1 case was confirmed as congenital toxoplasmosis.
 ...
PMID:Parasitic infections in Malaysia: changing and challenges. 1643 80

We examined the therapeutic effects of albendazole compared to metronidazole in 120 patients with giardiasis in Hamdan. Patients were randomized to receive albendazole (400 mg, once daily for 5 days) or metronidazole (250 mg, 3 times a day for 5 days). Demographic data of the patients, results of stool examination for Giardia trophozoites before and after treatment, and drug side-effects were recorded. After treatment 6 (10.0%) of the albendazole group had trophozoites compared with 14 (23.3%) of metronidazole group (P < 0.05). Patients in the albendazole group had fewer side-effects while 43.3% of the metronidazole group experienced a metallic taste and 35.0% experienced loss of appetite. Albendazole is an easy, safe and effective treatment for giardiasis.
 ...
PMID:Albendazole versus metronidazole in the treatment of patients with giardiasis in the Islamic Republic of Iran. 1733 92


<< Previous 1 2 3 Next >>