Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bithionol, dichlorophene, and hexachlorophene, which are used in treating some helminthic infections, killed trophozoites of Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis in modified BI-S-33 and Asami media, respectively. Virtually all G. lamblia and T. vaginalis cells were killed within 24 h with a 0.42 mM concentration of these compounds, except that 0.93 mM dichlorophene was required for sterilizing T. vaginalis in the same period. In modified BI-S-33 and Asami media from which bovine and human sera were omitted, respectively, the inhibitory actions of the compounds against in vitro growth of these protozoa were significantly enhanced. Trophozoites of G. lamblia and T. vaginalis could be killed in shorter than 10 min with 0.074 mM dichlorophene and 0.0025 mM hexachlorophene, respectively, in serum-free media. G. lamblia, which was incubated in the complete medium containing dichlorophene, showed a characteristic swelling of the ventral side which led to disruption of the parasite, whereas bithionol caused a thin crack in the cytoplasm of T. vaginalis incubated in Asami medium. The crack appeared to enlarge and result in vacuolization of T. vaginalis. These observations suggest that bithionol, dichlorophene, and hexachlorophene merit further evaluation to ascertain whether they are useful for treatment of giardiasis and trichomoniasis.
 ...
PMID:In vitro inhibition of Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis growth by bithionol, dichlorophene, and hexachlorophene. 387 26

Metronidazole, a nitroimidazole derivative, is a unique antimicrobial agent that is active against both bacterial and parasitic organisms, although only the anaerobic members of these groups are susceptible. It has been used for the treatment of trichomoniasis for about 20 years and is also effective against amebiasis and giardiasis. More recently, metronidazole has emerged as a principal agent for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections. It is highly effective against all species of anaerobes except certain non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli and cocci and is the only agent rapidly bactericidal against the Bacteroides fragilis group. Clinical studies have proved its efficacy in prophylaxis for elective colorectal surgical procedures and in the treatment of deep abdominal sepsis (usually in combination with another agent, such as an aminoglycoside). Metronidazole is the treatment of choice for nonspecific vaginitis that seems to be a mixed infection due to anaerobes and Gardnerella vaginalis. Adequate concentrations in the blood are produced after both oral and intravenous administration, and the side effects are infrequent and minimal.
 ...
PMID:Metronidazole. 660 Aug 4

Go.10213, a new nitroimidazole, was studied in 12 male volunteers for tolerability and in 20 patients with intestinal amoebiasis for antiamoebic activity. Go.10213 was well-tolerated by volunteers up to a dose of 400 mg X 3. Patients also tolerated well the dose of 100-150 mg X 3 for 7 days. In two patients, there were mild and transient side-effects like headache, dizziness, fatigue, etc. No neurological side-effects were observed. There were no significant changes in blood pressure, pulse rate and ECG. The organ function tests did not show any adverse effects of Go.10213 on bone-marrow, kidney, liver, etc. Go.10213, at a dose of 150 mg X 3, showed potent antiamoebic activity in 10 patients with intestinal amoebiasis, as judged by the clinical relief, the eradication of the trophozoites and cysts of Entamoeba histolytica from stools and the healing of colonic ulcers. Go.10213, a novel nitroimidazole, may prove to be the most potent and safe agent against the protozoal infections, e.g. amoebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis.
 ...
PMID:Phase 1 tolerability and antiamoebic activity studies with 1-methylsulphonyl-3-(1-methyl-5-nitro-2-imidazolyl)-2-imidazolidinone (Go.10213): a new antiprotozoal agent. 663 38

Nitroimidazoles have been extensively evaluated in the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, liver and intestinal amebiasis. The most widely used are metronidazole, tinidazole, ornidazole, and secnidazole. Tinidazole, ornidazole, and secnidazole have a much longer half-life than metronidazole, allowing single-dose or once daily administration. Nitro-5-imidazoles remain extremely effective drugs for treating protozoans, Trichomonas vaginalis, Entamoeba histolytica, and Giardia intestinalis. Although all are suspected of potential carcinogenicity, they are the drugs of choice for treating protozoal infections.
 ...
PMID:Nitroimidazoles in the treatment of trichomoniasis, giardiasis, and amebiasis. 669 65

Although the human alimentary and urogenital tracts are parasitized by seven species of flagellate protozoa [115], only two, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas vaginalis, are generally considered to be pathogens. This review, therefore, concentrates on these organisms and in particular on the experimental and clinical chemotherapy of trichomoniasis and giardiasis. Due to the limited space and the availability of excellent recently published reviews, topics such as life cycles, epidemiology, prevalence and pathology are only briefly discussed in the sections entitled 'Biological Aspects'. The reader seeking comprehensive reference lists and more information on Trichomonas and Giardia and the diseases they cause is referred to these reviews.
 ...
PMID:Intestinal and urogenital flagellates. 725 31

Antiprotozoan drugs of choice include: chloroquine for malaria; diiodohydroxyquin for asymptomatic intestinal amebiasis; metronidazole for acute amebic colitis, extraintestinal amebiasis and trichomoniasis; quinacrine for giardiasis; quinine-pyrimethamine-sulfadiazine for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for pneumocystis pneumonia. Anthelmintic drugs of choice include: mebendazole for roundworm, pinworm, whipworm and hookworm infections; niclosamide for tapeworm infections, and thiabendazole for trichinosis.
 ...
PMID:Antiparasitic drugs. 735 83

Secnidazole is structurally related to the commonly used 5-nitroimidazoles metronidazole and tinidazole. These drugs share a common spectrum of activity against anaerobic micro-organisms and they appear particularly effective in the treatment of amoebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. Secnidazole is rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration and has a longer terminal elimination half-life (approximately 17 to 29 hours) than commonly used drugs in this class. in patients with intestinal amoebiasis or giardiasis, clinical or parasistological cure rates of 80 to 100% are achieved after treatment with a single dose of secnidazole 2g (30 mg/kg in children), similar to the response rates achieved with multiple dosage regimens of metronidazole or tinidazole. Patients with hepatic amoebiasis appears to respond well to 5- to 7-day therapy with secnidazole, but the efficacy of this drug regimen requires further evaluation in larger numbers of patients. After administration of a single dose of secnidazole, parasitological eradication was achieved in approximately 92 to 100% of patients with urogenital trichomoniasis. Patients with bacteria vaginosis respond at least as well to a single dose of secnidazole as to single-dose tinidazole, or single- or 7-day treatment with metronidazole; clinical improvement and/or microbiological evidence of cure was attained in approximately 59 to 96% of patients. In the clinical trials reviewed, secnidazole was well tolerated; most adverse events were gastrointestinal in nature and did not require treatment intervention or withdrawal from therapy. In summary, available evidence suggests that secnidazole is as efficacious as other 5-nitroimidazole drugs in the treatment of protozoal infections and bacterial vaginosis. The convenience and ease of administration associated with single-dose therapy, combined with a good tolerability profile, make secnidazole a suitable option to other single-dose treatments and an attractive alternative to multiple dosage regimens with other drugs in this class.
 ...
PMID:Secnidazole. A review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in the management of protozoal infections and bacterial vaginosis. 870 97

Trichomonas vaginalis is a common sexually transmitted protozoan parasite. Although often considered simply a nuisance infection, T. vaginalis has been implicated in premature rupture of placental membranes and increases in the risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus. Metronidazole, a 5-nitroimidazole, is currently the drug of choice to treat T. vaginalis infection. Because some patients have severe reactions to metronidazole and others are infected with metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis, we were prompted to investigate alternative therapies. Tinidazole, another 5-nitroimidazole used in other countries to treat T. vaginalis infections, and furazolidone, a nitrofuran presently used to treat giardiasis and infections with some anaerobic enteric bacteria, were investigated for effectiveness against 9 metronidazole-susceptible and 12 metronidazole-resistant T. vaginalis patient isolates. The in vitro aerobic and anaerobic minimum lethal concentrations (MLC) and the time for drug efficacy were determined. Tinidazole killed the metronidazole-susceptible isolates at a low MLC but was effective against only 4 of the 12 metronidazole-resistant isolates. In contrast, furazolidone was effective at a low MLC for all isolates. When tinidazole was effective, it required > 6 h to kill trichomonads. However, furazolidone killed both metronidazole-susceptible and resistant trichomonads within 2 to 3 h of exposure. These data suggest that furazolidone may be a good candidate for treating metronidazole-resistant trichomoniasis and that further investigation of this drug is warranted.
 ...
PMID:In vitro effect of tinidazole and furazolidone on metronidazole-resistant Trichomonas vaginalis. 872 51

The pathophysiology of diseases produced by protozoal infections is caused not only by a direct effect of the parasites on their host (e.g. host cell lysis or parasite adherence), but also by indirect effects, where molecules of parasite origin exert an effect on host cells, which in turn produces a cascade of events (including the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide) responsible for the symptomatology observed. The role of the host itself in the pathogenic events is not negligeable and its genetic background, nutritional and immunological status will influence the outcome of the infection (which will result in asymptomatic infections in some individuals and severe disease in others). The general and specific features of a variety of protozoal infections of medical and veterinary importance (including malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, amoebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis) are discussed in this review and a number of common patterns are identified.
 ...
PMID:[Physiopathology of protozoan infections]. 895 86

Protozoan infections represent an area of concern for advanced practice nurses, particularly those working in rural areas or urban environments with refugee populations and those caring for patients with immunodeficiency-related diseases. Some of these infections have major effects on the fetus and neonate yet pose minimal problems to the mother. Protozoan infections are increasing in prevalence because of poor sanitation, overcrowding, increased foreign travel, and high-risk sexual behaviors. There is a need for public education to promote awareness and prevention of such infections. This emerging public health problem has been reported sporadically in the medical and perinatal nursing literature. This paucity of information may be partly due to the difficulty in diagnosing and managing these infections in the perinatal patient. The article discusses the more common infections caused by protozoa, amebae, and sporozoa: trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, and toxoplasmosis.
 ...
PMID:Protozoan infection in the perinatal period. 921 49


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>