Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Stool specimens from 89 high-risk, sexually active homosexual men were screened for enteric protozoal cysts. Patients whose specimens contained nonpathogenic cysts were investigated further by examination of fresh purged specimens. A total of 27 of the initial specimens (30%) contained protozoal cysts. Twenty-three patients (26%) harbored pathogens. There were 18 cases (20%) of amebiasis and 11 cases (12%) of giardiasis. Six men (7%) had concurrent amebiasis and giardiasis. The presence of infections correlated with a history of anilingus but not with place of birth, travel, or history of symptoms. The exceptionally high rate of prevalence of intestinal protozoal infection in this population suggests that enteric protozoal infections are important among sexually transmitted diseases.
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PMID:High rates of enteric protozoal infections in selected homosexual men attending a venereal disease clinic. 21 10

Giardiasis represents a major protozoan infection for the 1990s. This article reviews this organism for the primary care physician, discussing the characteristics, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. Prevention and patient education needs are also presented.
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PMID:Giardiasis. 201 41

The prevalence of intestinal protozoal and helminthic infection was studied over a period of one year amongst 297 school children, aged 5-20 yr in a sub-urban area. The overall prevalence rate of various protozoal infection, 15.82 per cent had only helminthic infection and 14.47 per cent had combined helminthic and protozoal infection. Ascaris lumbricoides infestation was found to be the commonest helminthic infection (61.70%) while giardiasis was the commonest protozoal infection (59.80%). The prevalence rates, one year after effective anti-protozoal and antihelminthic treatment was administered, were overall parasitic infection 25.92 per cent; only protozoal infection 17.50 per cent, only helminthic infection 5.72 per cent and combined infection 2.69 per cent. The reinfection rate was found to be 7.40 per cent and the fresh infection rate was found to be 11.4 and 39.8 per cent at the end of six months and one year respectively.
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PMID:Effect of drug treatment on the prevalence of intestinal parasites amongst school children in a sub-urban community. 222 55

Stool examination from primary schoolchildren in Chiang Mai Province, north Thailand, was performed to determine the present state of parasitic infections in this area. Out of a total of 491 children, 239 proved positive (48.7%). The most common type of parasite was found to be soil-transmitted helminths such as hookworm (26.3%) or Strongyloides stercoralis (11.2%), while Ascaris lumbricoides was not so prevalent (1.2% being positive in one school out of three). These results are in contrast to earlier reports showing higher prevalence rates, leading the authors to hypothesize that improvements in sanitary conditions and eradication projects have been effective. Opisthorchiasis is another parasitic disease with a relatively high prevalence rate of 7.5%. This disease rate increases with age and it was found in two out of three schools (8.3-15.8%) and was the most common type of helminth infection. Ascariasis was not seen in these two schools, but strongyloidiasis was found to be the second most prevalent helminthiasis, having a higher infection rate than hookworm. Therefore, eradication efforts now need to be directed toward eliminating opisthorchiasis and strongyloidiasis in addition to continuing to eradicate ascariasis and hookworm infections. The most common protozoal infection with a high pathogenicity in this region was found to be giardiasis (7.7%).
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PMID:Intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren in Chiang Mai, northern Thailand: an analysis of the present situation. 281 Apr 55

Intestinal protozoal infestation and antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica were determined in 614 employees of the Hamburg sewage works and compared with control groups without occupational sewage contact. The protozoal infection rate was significantly higher in sewer-men than in control persons. There was a positive correlation between the duration of exposure to sewage and the frequency of intestinal protozoal infestation. The risk of infection by sewage was higher than by a short journey to tropical or subtropical countries. Immunodiagnostic results showed no significant differences of invasive activity of E. histolytica between both investigated groups. On the basis of parasitological results classification of amoebiasis and giardiasis as occupational diseases in exposed persons is recommended.
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PMID:[Intestinal protozoal infestation in persons with occupational sewage contact]. 629 94

Corticosteroid therapy is known to be hazardous in patients with occult infection but the mechanism by which the host parasite relationship is altered by steroids is not known. We have used an intestinal protozoal parasite, Giardia muris, to examine the effects of corticosteroids on the number of parasites in the intestine in the course of a primary infection. A single injection of cortisone acetate, subcutaneously, one day before oral inoculation of CBA mice with 1000 cysts of Giardia muris, resulted in significantly higher trophozoite counts in animals studied at one, two, three, four, and eight weeks post-infection, when they were compared with saline injected controls. Recrudescence of occult infection was also achieved by cortisone acetate treatment of mice which had been infected with Giardia muris eight months previously. Clinical studies are required to establish if recrudescence of occult protozoal infection is an important cause of morbidity when immunosuppressive therapy is given to patients in areas where giardiasis is endemic.
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PMID:Corticosteroid treatment increases parasite numbers in murine giardiasis. 726 25

Giardiasis is the most common small intestinal protozoal infection and is found worldwide. The mechanisms by which Giardia duodenalis (= G. lamblia) produces chronic diarrhoea and malabsorption have still not been clearly defined. Many infections are associated with mild to moderate mucosal damage which, in animal models of infection, have functional correlates. Possible mechanisms include direct physical injury, release of parasite products such as proteinases or lectin, and mucosal inflammation associated with T cell activation and cytokine release. Other possible mechanisms of malabsorption include associated bacterial overgrowth and bile salt deconjugation, bile salt uptake by the parasite with depletion of intraluminal bile salts, and inhibition of pancreatic hydrolytic enzymes. Thus, there is no single mechanism to explain the diarrhoea and malabsorption caused by Giardia, which currently should be regarded as a multifactorial process.
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PMID:Diarrhoeal disease: current concepts and future challenges. Pathogenesis of giardiasis. 810 43

Giardiasis is the most commonly reported intestinal protozoal infection worldwide, but its relatively long incubation period and often insidious onset make detection of common-source outbreaks difficult. Few well-documented foodborne outbreaks of giardiasis have been reported. In November 1990, such an outbreak among insurance company employees resulted in 18 laboratory-confirmed and 9 suspected cases of giardiasis. A case-control study of 26 ill and 162 well employees implicated raw sliced vegetables served in the employee cafeteria and prepared by a food handler infected with Giardia lamblia as the probable vehicle (odds ratio, 5.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.4-22.7). This outbreak illustrates the potential for transmission of Giardia organisms to occur in commercial establishments through a frequently served food item.
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PMID:Foodborne giardiasis in a corporate office setting. 841 77

Giardia is the best known cause of protozoal gastrointestinal disease in North America, producing significant but not life-threatening gastrointestinal distress and diarrhea. Although diagnosis of giardiasis may be challenging, treatment is usually successful. Entamoeba histolytica poses a rarer but far more difficult clinical challenge. Dysentery caused by E. histolytica may be the most feared intestinal protozoal infection, although Cryptosporidium parvum, Balantidium coli, Isospora belli, Sarcocystis species and other newly described protozoa also may cause diarrhea in healthy individuals and may result in intractable, life-threatening illness in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or other immunosuppressive diseases. Certain protozoa once considered relatively unimportant, such as Cryptosporidium, are now recognized as significant causes of morbidity even in the United States, since transmission readily occurs through contaminated water.
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PMID:Intestinal protozoa. 905 17

Ivermectin, a broad spectrum antiparasitic agent has become a promising drug for treating parasitic infection and infestation. This study was carried out to investigate its activity against two common protozoal infection, giardiasis and cryptsporidiosis in a rat model. The results of this study showed that ivermectin therapy is effective against both parasites at a dose of 200 micrograms/kg.
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PMID:Effect of ivermectin on combined intestinal protozoal infection (giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis). 891 27


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