Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The diagnoses which may be arrived at by examination of peroral small bowel mucosal biopsy specimens are presented. Celiac sprue, unclassified sprue (refractory sprue), infectious gastroenterititis, stasis syndrome and kwashiorkor have a severe mucosal lesion. Other clinical conditions are required to establish the diagnosis in these diseases. A number of diseases have specific diagnostic features. Included are Whipple's disease, abetalipoproteinemia, collagenous sprue, primary intestinal lymphoma, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, giardiasis, coccidiosis, strongyloidiasis, lymphangiectasis and the intestinal immunodeficiency diseases. Mucosal abnormalities may be present in other diseases but the diagnoses are usually made on other criteria than small bowel biopsy. These include vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency, Crohn's disease, gastrinoma, acrodermatitis enteropathica, amyloidosis, chronic granulomatous disease, lipid storage diseases, histoplasmosis, capillariasis, cytomegalovirus infection, schistosomiasis and macroglobulinemia.
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PMID:Histologic diagnosis of diseases of malabsorption. 51 56

Recent advances in immunology have permitted recognition of a group of patients who have gastrointestinal manifestations as part of an immunoglobulin deficency syndrome. Such immunoglobulin deficiency may be primary or may be secondary to a variety of diseases. We have classified and described the small bowel roentgen features associated with the various immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes as follows: 1. the sprue pattern, as seen in hypogammaglobulinemic sprue and in Ig-A deficient sprue; 2. multiple nodular defects; 3. inflammatory changes secondary to giardiasis, associated with immune deficiency diseases; 4. thickening of the small intestinal folds, as seen in the plasma cell dyscrasias, lymphoma, intestinal lymphangiectasia and amyloidosis.
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PMID:The radiology corner: the small bowel in immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes. 80 22

The clinical-pathological characteristics of 11 patients with intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (INLH) are described. Five fulfilled the criteria for Herman's syndrome and presented all or several of the following alterations: dysgammaglobulinemia, recurrent respiratory tract infections, sinusitis, pneumonia and giardiasis; of the remaining six cases, in five gammaglobulin levels were not quantified and in one they were normal. All the patients in this group suffered from recurrent pharyngotonsillitis, and Giardia lamblia was isolated in four. In both groups the INLH occurred in young patients with an average age of 21 years. Eight of the 11 were men. The most frequent symptoms included diarrhea, steatorrhea and weight loss. Radiologically, INLH usually was a finding affecting the jejunum and/or the ileum. Prominent lymph nodes in mucosa and submucosa were documented histologically in all cases, and a large decrease or absence of plasma cells in the lamina propria was seen in 7 of the 11. In spite of the diversity in the treatment schemes instituted, symptoms persisted for months or years after diagnosis. In two cases (one with dysgammaglobulinemia and one without) associated intestinal lymphoma existed. Other associated diseases included non-deforming joint arthritis, erythema nodosum, and intestinal infection by E. coli and Entamoeba histolytica.
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PMID:[Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the intestine. Clinico-pathologic characteristics in 11 cases]. 227 Mar 66

A patient with common variable hypogammaglobulinemia (CVH) who presented with recurrent sinopulmonary infections, nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the small bowel, and intestinal giardiasis was studied. A diffuse lymphocytic lymphoma with small bowel, skin, and hepatic involvement subsequently developed in the patient. Light microscopy of the tumor revealed tissue infiltration with mononuclear cells having the morphologic features of T-lymphocytes. The malignant lymphocytes had characteristics of T-suppressor/cytotoxic cells as established by the absence of surface immunoglobulin and Leu 3 surface markers, and the presence of OKT3 and OKT8 surface markers. Peripheral blood lymphocyte studies revealed an increased number of T-suppressor cells, a reversal of the helper-suppressor ratio, and a generalized state of hyporesponsiveness to mitogen and antigen stimulation. No evidence of retroviral reverse transcriptase activity was detected in cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes. The association between CVH and a lymphoma composed of cells with T-suppressor/cytotoxic surface markers has not been previously reported. The postulated role of T-suppressor cells in the failure of immunoglobulin synthesis in some forms of CVH suggests that the finding of a T-suppressor/cytotoxic cell lymphoma complicating CVH may be more than fortuitous.
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PMID:Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia complicated by an unusual T-suppressor/cytotoxic cell lymphoma. 294 34

Infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cardiac transplantation. There is little information describing screening and prospective surveillance of heart recipients. We describe a surveillance program that was used for 35 patients, which screens and follows recipients through serologic, virologic, and immunologic parameters. Pretransplantation surveillance identified four (11.4%) patients whose skin tests with purified protein derivative (PPD) were positive, one patient with giardiasis, and seven (20%) recipients who were susceptible to cytomegalovirus (CMV). Twelve (34.3%) patients had CMV infections, only one of which was primary and involved a seropositive donor. The low rate of primary infection (14%) may result from our use of CMV-negative blood products. Seven (20%) recipients who were seronegative for toxoplasmosis received seropositive hearts, and disseminated toxoplasmosis developed in one of them. Eight (22.8%) patients had asymptomatic significant increases in Epstein-Barr virus antibody titers, without evidence of lymphoma. Fifteen (42.8%) recipients had at least one herpes simplex virus reactivation. Preventive, diagnostic, and early therapeutic interventions should occur as a result of infection surveillance, thus leading to a reduced risk of infection during the period after cardiac transplantation.
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PMID:Infection surveillance in cardiac transplantation. 328 13

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the upper small intestine was demonstrated in 25 patients with giardiasis. All had normal serum immunoglobulin levels and seven patients initially presented with clinical findings suggestive of an abdominal lymphoma. In only two, however, was the diagnosis of primary jejunal lymphoma confirmed. It is possible that an aetiological relationship exists between recurrent parasitic infestation and nodular lymphoid hyperplasia of the upper small intestine.
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PMID:Small intestinal nodular lymphoid hyperplasia in patients with giardiasis and normal serum immunoglobulins. 685 22

Agammaglobulinaemia is the most common of the primary immunodeficiencies. Three major types can be distinguished: X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, early-onset agammaglobulinaemia and late-onset agammaglobulinaemia. In X-linked agammaglobulinaemia, the molecular defect has been elucidated, and genetic counseling, prenatal diagnosis and carrier detection have become important issues. The pathogenesis of early- and late-onset agammaglobulinaemia is heterogeneous and usually not within the B-cell lineage. Patients with agammaglobulinaemia mainly suffer from infections caused by pneumococci or encapsulated Haemophilus influenzae located in the respiratory tract, paranasal sinuses, ears and meninges. Other prominent infections are Campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia and Giardia lamblia infection of the intestine. Among the more rare infections are those caused by Ureaplasma and Mycoplasma hominis. There is quite a number of non-infectious abnormalities which bother agammaglobulinaemic patients, especially those with late-onset agammaglobulinaemia. Of these, gastric carcinoma and intestinal lymphoma in late-onset agammaglobulinaemia and colorectal cancer in X-linked agammaglobulinaemia are the most dramatic. Life-threatening bacterial infections can largely be prevented by immunoglobulin substitution, even at relatively low dosages. However, insufficient immunoglobulin substitution is associated with recurrent airway infection and cumulative damage to the respiratory tract. for adequate substitution, efficacieous and safe intravenous immunoglobulin preparations are available. For selected patients (children, adults with poor venous access, and those experiencing side-effects on intravenous immunoglobulin), 16% immunoglobulin can be given by the subcutaneous route. With optimal substitution and--in the case of infection--adequate antimicrobial treatment, these patients have a good prognosis.
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PMID:Agammaglobulinaemia. 783 40

Hydrogen breath tests (H2 BT) have been used extensively to investigate intestinal disaccharidase deficiencies. A potentially useful test for assessing intestinal absorptive function, the H2 BT with D-xylose (H2 BT-D-xylose), has received scant attention. We report here the results of our investigation of this test in 45 patients. Fifteen patients had proved malabsorption that was due to nontropical sprue in nine, and to lymphoma, Whipple's disease, or giardiasis in the remainder. Nine patients had small-bowel bacterial overgrowth secondary to either postsurgical sequelae or intestinal dysmotility. Twenty-one patients with irritable bowel syndrome and 21 healthy individuals served as control groups. All participants ingested 25 g of D-xylose, and alveolar breath samples were obtained thereafter at 30 min intervals for 5 hr. Breath H2 was measured by chromatography. Basal H2 production, peak change (delta) and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated. Simultaneously, 5-hr urinary excretion of D-xylose was measured by colorimetry and served as the reference test. In healthy individuals, D-xylose ingestion increased H2 production (delta = 5.8 +/- 1.4 ppm, P < 0.001). Changes were similar in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. In contrast, the increase was of a much greater magnitude in the malabsorption group (delta = 49.9 +/- 7.2 ppm, P < 0.001 vs healthy controls). AUC analysis yielded comparable results. Test performance analysis showed that, in malabsorption the H2 BT-D-xylose had a sensitivity index of 0.86, which was identical to that of the urinary D-xylose test. Specificity was 1 and 0.95, respectively; and predictability 1 and 0.93, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Potential usefulness of hydrogen breath test with D-xylose in clinical management of intestinal malabsorption. 842 44

Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) is a rare benign condition that is characterized by diffuse hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). During endoscopy, NLH appears as multiple or occasionally innumerable nodules measuring a few millimeters in diameter. NLH occurs mainly in the small intestine, less commonly in the large intestine and rarely involves the stomach. There are multiple associated diseases such as immunoglobulin deficiency syndromes, giardiasis, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, HIV and celiac disease. NLH elicits a wide range of symptoms that can range from asymptomatic to chronic diarrhea, weight loss, bleeding from the rectum and, very infrequently, intestinal obstruction. The clinical significance of NLH relies not only on the associated conditions but also on the possible complications. The most important of which are malignant transformation, particularly to gastric carcinoma, and intestinal or extra-intestinal lymphoma. There is no consensus regarding the management and surveillance of NLH. However, surveillance is recommended by most authors, but the intervals and duration have not yet been identified.
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PMID:Nodular Lymphoid Hyperplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract : a comprehensive review. 2956 Jun 71