Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Because of the form of sexual contact and the number of such contacts among homosexual men, physicians should be watchful for sexually transmitted infections in the homosexual community. Hepatitis B, anorectal gonorrhea, shigellosis, amebiasis, and giardiasis are now known to be among these infections. For treatment to be effective and epidemics avoided, physicians should question affected male patients about their sexual habits and advise abstinence from sexual contact until treatment is finished and cultures or smears are negative.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted infections in homosexual men. 58 1

Seven cases of Budd-Chiari syndrome are reported in children. The mode of onset was fulminant in one case with rapidly lethal liver failure, acute in 5 cases with rapid appearance of hepatomegaly and ascites and insidious in one case, with isolated hepatomegaly. Hepatomegaly, which is a constant sign, was present in the 7 patients. Ascites and collateral venous circulation were present in 6, splenomegaly in 2 and moderate jaundice in one only. Liver function tests, deeply abnormal in the patient with fulminant liver failure, was only slightly abnormal in the 6 others. Diagnosis was corroborated by ultrasonography, cavography, hepatic veins angiography and liver biopsy in 6 patients and by post mortem examination in the 7th. Etiologic investigations did not allow finding the cause of Budd-Chiari syndrome. However, this series can be distinguished by associated total villous atrophy in 3 cases, psoriasis in one, hepatitis B in one, hepatitis A and intestinal giardiasis in one. Portasystemic shunts were performed in 3 patients. One died in the immediate postoperative period, the 2 others are presently in good health with a 5 and 6 1/2 year-follow-up. One patient died rapidly from fulminant liver failure. Another, untreated, died 16 years after the onset of the disease, from an unknown cause. Two patients are lost to follow-up.
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PMID:[Budd-Chiari syndrome in children. Apropos of 7 cases]. 206 74

This overview provides a discussion of the special concerns of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) for women, particularly because of its asymptomatic character; screening; primary prevention; e.g., abstinence, selection of sexual partners restriction of sexual activities, use of barriers (condoms, vaginal spermicides, diaphragm in conjunction with spermicides), and vaccines; and the role of the gynecologist in StD prevention. Gonorrhea and chlamydial infection are usually asymptomatic STD infections in women; long term sequelae are pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and pregnancy complications. There is an increased risk of cervical cancer. Infection is lifelong for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HIV and malingering for chronic hepatitis B (HPB). Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) and HSV infections cannot be identified serologically. The fetus can be fatally or severely affected by STDs. Abstinence is the only effective prevention for STDs. Likelihood of infection may be reduced by limiting partners, but how partners are chosen and knowledge of infection is a more important determinant. Partners need to be asked about current symptoms, history of STDs, multiple partners, and history of known STD partners, as well as past history of homosexual activity, intravenous drug use, hemophilia, and previous exposure to high-risk persons for STDs. Visible genital warts or lesions, wartlike growths, ulcers, or rash need explanations. Avoidance of oral anal and digital anal activity reduces transmission of hepatitis A, giardiasis, amebiasis, and shigellosis. Any mechanical barrier that remains intact should reduce the risk of STD; barriers specifically covering the cervix are excellent. Condom use is effective when used as follows: 1) at the onset of sexual activity, 2) without petroleum jelly or baby oil on latex, 3) with care of fingernails which may tear holes, 4) with complete withdrawal of the penis before complete detumescence, and 5) with a withdrawal hold at the base of the penis. Spermicides, such as nonoxynol 9, are effective against STDs. Diaphragm use with spermicide may be effective because of the spermicide. There is a reduced risk of transmission of HSV or HPV to a partner. Vaccines are only available for hepatitis B. Obstetrics and gynecology residency training in STDs in unavailable in 4 out of 5 medical schools, and gynecologists are ethically obligated to accurately inform about STD diagnosis, treatment, and diagnosis.
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PMID:Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases. 209 42

Clinical, microbiological, and lifestyle patterns in homosexual men showing in vitro immunological abnormalities were studied and related to the susceptibility to human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) infection. In a cohort of male homosexual volunteers in Finland, 90% were HTLV-III antibody negative. Ten % of the HTLV-III negative cases showed decreased T-helper/suppressor cell ratios, mostly due to elevated numbers of T-suppressor cells. In this immunosuppressed group, more signs of diarrhea, intestinal giardiasis, genital warts, and hepatitis B were observed than in the other HTLV-III antibody-negative study subjects. The type of sexual practice was not associated with the in vitro immune abnormalities. During a follow-up of up to 16 months, 4 initially HTLV-III antibody negative cases showed seroconversion. Three of these had inverted T-helper/suppressor cell ratios prior to the seroconversion. It is concluded that persons showing in vitro immunosuppression are more susceptible to HTLV-III infection when being exposed to the virus or else alteration in T-cell subsets signals a pre-antibody-positive or early phase of HTLV-III infection.
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PMID:Immunosuppression in homosexual men seronegative for HTLV-III. 316 Apr 58

Hepatitis viruses, enteric pathogens, and anorectal infections may commonly be transmitted by various sexual practices. Because of their larger numbers of sexual partners and sexual practices such as anilingus and anal intercourse, homosexual men are at particularly high risk of acquiring hepatitis B, giardiasis, amebiasis, shigellosis, campylobacteriosis, and anorectal infections with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Treponema pallidum, herpes simplex virus, and human papilloma viruses. The evidence for sexual transmission of these infections as well as their diagnosis and treatment are discussed.
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PMID:Sexually transmitted viral hepatitis and enteric pathogens. 642 96

The prevalence of most sexually transmitted diseases is disproportionately increased in gay men and paradoxically decreased in lesbian women. The spectrum of diseases seen in gay men include a variety of enteric infections including hepatitis A, shigellosis, salmonellosis, Campylobacter enteritis, amebiasis, giardiasis, and enterobiasis as well as the more common sexually transmitted diseases. Hepatitis B is endemic in gay male populations. The patterns of sexual behavior are the major factors contributing to this unique epidemiology and pathology. Increased sexual activity explained by the unrestrained cultural expectation of maleness, the functional overlap during sex between the genital-urinary and gastrointestinal systems, and anonymous sexual activity are all significant epidemiologic components.
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PMID:Hepatitis and other sexually transmitted diseases in gay men and in lesbians. 689 98

In patients with chronic diarrhoea investigations exceptionally reveal a common variable hypogammaglobulinaemia. A 42-year old man presenting with chronic bronchitis and asymptomatic post-hepatitis B cirrhosis was hospitalized for evaluation of a chronic diarrhoea accompanied by altered general condition. Investigations detected global hypogammaglobulinaemia, diffuse lymphoid hyperplasia of the small bowel, and lambliasis. Treatment with gammaglobulins and antibiotics resulted in disappearance of symptoms. This was a rare disease due to a primary disorder where global hypogammaglobulinaemia was associated with a normal number of circulating B-cells. Prognosis was cautious in view of the risk of malignant proliferation.
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PMID:[Common variable hypogammaglobulinemia. A rare cause of chronic diarrhea. A case]. 827 24

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a priority population for HIV care and prevention programs. This report describes HIV and other sexually transmitted disease (STD) trends among MSM in metropolitan Atlanta by analyzing nine databases. We describe the use of the male-to-female (M:F) ratio, a surrogate marker for MSM in databases without standardized MSM variables that is recommended as an indirect measure of HIV risk behavior in the CDC/HRSA Integrated Guidelines for Developing Epidemiologic Profiles. During 1997 to 2001, there were increases among MSM for reported syphilis (from 9% to 17%), anti-biotic-resistant gonorrhea (from 4.8% to 8.6%), and HIV seroprevalence (from 33% to 43%). During 1998 to 2001, the M:F ratio for cases peaked at 12:1 during a hepatitis A outbreak among MSM, increased for shigellosis (from 1:0 to 18:1) and giardiasis (from 1.7 to 2.1), and did not appreciably change for hepatitis B, salmonellosis, or chlamydia. HIV and several other STDs appear to have increased among MSM in metropolitan Atlanta. When standardized MSM variables are not available, an M:F ratio is useful.
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PMID:Trends in infectious diseases and the male to female ratio: possible clues to changes in behavior among men who have sex with men. 1640 Nov 82

Investigation was undertaken to assess the occurrence of zoonotic infection among staff at Auckland Zoological Park, New Zealand, in 1991, 2002 and 2010. Serial cross-sectional health surveys in 1991, 2002 and 2010 comprising a health questionnaire, and serological, immunological and microbiological analysis for a range of potential zoonotic infections were performed. Laboratory results for zoo animals were also reviewed for 2004-2010 to assess the occurrence of potential zoonotic infections. Veterinary clinic, animal handler, grounds, maintenance and administrative staff participated in the surveys, with 49, 42 and 46 participants in the 1991, 2002 and 2010 surveys, respectively (29% of total zoo staff in 2010). A small number of staff reported work-related infections, including erysipelas (1), giardiasis (1) and campylobacteriosis (1). The seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis A virus and Toxoplasma gondii closely reflected those in the Auckland community. No carriage of hepatitis B virus (HBV) was detected, and most of those with anti-HBV antibodies had been vaccinated. Few staff had serological evidence of past leptospiral infection. Three veterinary clinic staff had raised Chlamydophila psittaci antibodies, all < 1 : 160 indicating past exposure. Two staff (in 1991) had asymptomatic carriage of Giardia lamblia and one person (in 2010) had a dermatophyte infection. After 1991, positive tests indicating exposure to Mycobacterium tuberculosis were < 10%, comparable to the general New Zealand population. Zoo animals had infections with potential zoonotic agents, including G. lamblia, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp. and T. gondii, although the occurrence was low. Zoonotic agents pose an occupational risk to zoo workers. While there was evidence of some zoonotic transmission at Auckland Zoo, this was uncommon and risks appear to be adequately managed under current policies and procedures. Nevertheless, ongoing assessment of risk factors is needed as environmental, human and animal disease and management factors change. Policies and procedures should be reviewed periodically in conjunction with disease monitoring results for both animals and staff to minimise zoonotic transmission.
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PMID:Investigation of zoonotic infections among Auckland Zoo staff: 1991-2010. 2263 28

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome has been reported in association with tuberculosis, herpes zoster (shingles), Cryptococcus neoformans, Kaposi's sarcoma, Pneumocystis pneumonia, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus, Histoplasma capsulatum, human papillomavirus, and Cytomegalovirus. However, it has never been documented with giardiasis. We present a 7-year-old HIV infected girl who developed diarrhea and shock following the initiation of antiretroviral therapy, and her stool showed the presence of giardiasis.
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PMID:Immune reconstitution syndrome in a human immunodeficiency virus infected child due to giardiasis leading to shock. 2698 24


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