Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Before 1970, laboratory staff could not only identify the causative organism of acute diarrhea in 20% of cases, but in 1990, they could identify it in 80% of cases. These organisms are either bacteria, virus, or parasites. The bacteria include enterotoxigenic bacteria (Vibrio cholerae, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus) and enteroinvasive bacteria (Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and Salmonella and Shigella species). The leading cause of death in diarrhea patients is dehydration. Oral rehydration solutions (ORS) can alleviate mild and moderate dehydration regardless of the etiology of the diarrhea or the age of the patient. WHO recommends an ORS containing glucose and various electrolytes which permit salt and water absorption in many cases of acute diarrhea. Due to the possibility of excess salt entering the bloodstream (hypernatremia), some pediatricians do not use the WHO recommended ORS in newborns and young infants. Instead they use 2 parts ORS followed by 1 part water. This treatment is not easy for illiterate mothers to follow, however. Continued breast feeding during diarrheal episodes along with administration of ORS protects not only against dehydration, but also hypernatremia. ORS should not be administered in severe case of dehydration, however. Medical personnel need to administer replacement fluid such as Ringer's Lactate solution intravenously regardless of the age group. Once the initial deficit has been controlled, ORS administration and reintroduction of foods can follow. Antibiotics should only be administered if the medical personnel suspect severe cholera in an endemic area (tetracycline and furazolidone); shigellosis, but 1st the bacteria must be tested to see if the strain is multiple drug resistant (ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, furazolidone, nalidixic acid), and acute amebiasis or giardiasis (metronidazole and tinidazole). Antidiarrheals should not be used.
 ...
PMID:Management of acute diarrhoea. 210 85

From 1986 to 1988, 24 states and Puerto Rico reported 50 outbreaks of illness due to water that people intended to drink, affecting 25,846 persons. The protozoal parasite Giardia lamblia was the agent most commonly implicated in outbreaks, as it has been for the last 10 years; many of these outbreaks were associated with ingestion of chlorinated but unfiltered surface water. Shigella sonnei was the most commonly implicated bacterial pathogen; in outbreaks caused by this pathogen, water supplies were found to be contaminated with human waste. Cryptosporidium contamination of a chlorinated, filtered public water supply caused the largest outbreak during this period, affecting an estimated 13,000 persons. A large multistate outbreak caused by commercially produced ice made from contaminated well water caused illness with Norwalk-like virus among an estimated 5,000 persons. The first reported outbreak of chronic diarrhea of unknown cause associated with drinking untreated well water occurred in 1987. Twenty-six outbreaks due to recreational water use were also reported, including outbreaks of Pseudomonas dermatitis associated with the use of hot tubs or whirlpools, and swimming-associated shigellosis, giardiasis, and viral illness. Although the total number of reported water-related outbreaks has been declining in recent years, the few large outbreaks due to Cryptosporidium, Norwalk-like agent, Shigella sonnei, and Giardia lamblia caused more cases of illness in 1987 than have been reported to the Water-Related Disease Outbreak Surveillance System for any other year since CDC and the Environmental Protection Agency began tabulating these data in 1971.
 ...
PMID:Waterborne disease outbreaks, 1986-1988. 215 47

Patients infected by Salmonella, Shigella, Giardia, Campylobacter, Yersinia, and Hepatitis A virus were interviewed during a 15-month period to evaluate the benefit of intensive follow-up, to assess the proportion of cases who had contact with children less than four years of age, and to determine risk factors. Of 746 reported infections, we interviewed 345 patients (46%) and identified 199 other ill people. Follow-up of sporadic, passively reported cases required considerable resources, but no large outbreaks were uncovered. Investigation of patients [N = 103 (43%)] who had contact with children less than four years of age, or children who attended daycare centers often resulted in identification of additional illness, especially for cases of giardiasis. Primary health care providers can play a key role in reducing enteric disease by increasing efforts to identify illness among daycare and family contacts of their patients.
 ...
PMID:Epidemiologic surveillance of enteric diseases in Alaska--value of case investigation. 235 45

Diarrhea affects approximately 330,000 travelers from industrialized nations each year. Diarrhea is a reflection of inadequate hygiene or waste disposal in the countries visited, usually developing countries. The greatest incidence occurs in 20-29 years olds who take the most dietary risks. Some foods that pose the greatest risk in descending order include raw oysters, steak tartare, ice cubes, washed vegetables, cold milk, puddings, and sandwiches with mixed fillings. 40% of all travelers have a self limiting and rarely grave diarrheal illness caused by local enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Following an incubation period of 5-9 days, symptoms appear (cramps, fever, and 10 or more diarrheal episodes/day). 5% are infected with Giardia lamblia and 4% with Entamoeba histolytica. Giardiasis occurs worldwide and is characterized by grumbling diarrhea, cramps, and flatulence. E. histolytica causes a severe illness characterized by colitis with bloody stools, anorexia, malaise, sweats, weight loss, and epigastric pain. Only 10-100 Shigella bacteria are required by cause shigellosis. Symptoms include blood and mucus in the diarrhea and malaise. A traveler who ingests food with 100,000 Salmonella bacteria in it most likely will fall ill 48 hours after eating the contaminated food. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers have an incubation period of about 12 days and may be fatal. Initial symptoms consists of headache, malaise, fever, and pain and 2 weeks later bloody diarrhea appears. Additional common diarrheal illnesses include cholera, post infectious tropical malabsorption, and those caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Campylobacter species. Another disease common in areas of poor hygiene is poliomyelitis with fever, sore throat, and headache present in mild forms. If the virus invades the central nervous system, however, paralysis occurs.
 ...
PMID:Exotic diarrhoeal problems and poliomyelitis. 259 59

Several anorectal diseases are described. Most are sexually transmitted (gay bowel syndrome or heterosexual transmission). The clinical aspect of nearly all of them is similar. Thus, the diagnosis usually cannot be done on clinical grounds alone: one has to request the help of the laboratory. Amebiasis, giardiasis, chancroid and donovanosis are frequent in Africa but rare in our countries, except in male homosexuals. Shigellosis, salmonellosis, pediculosis, scabies and campylobacter infections are seen in male homosexuals because of orofecal contacts. Condylomata acuminata are frequent in our country. The typical clinical aspect leads to an easy diagnosis. Electrocoagulation is the treatment of choice. Anorectal gonococcal are also frequent in our country, both homosexually and heterosexually transmitted. The clinical aspect suggests the diagnosis, but this must be confirmed by the laboratory.
 ...
PMID:[Sexually-transmissible anorectal diseases]. 268 13

Diarrheal diseases remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing countries and represent at least a nuisance in the industrialized world. Fluid and electrolyte replacement, particularly via oral rehydration, is the mainstay of therapy for the prevention and treatment of dehydration associated with these illnesses. Antibiotics are not indicated for the majority of enteric infections, and their promiscuous use can contribute to the escalating prevalence of bacterial resistance worldwide. Used judiciously, however, antimicrobial agents can ameliorate illness or curtail pathogen excretion and spread of disease, or both, in some diarrheal infections. Antimicrobial agents are indicated for shigellosis, cholera, traveler's diarrhea, amebiasis, and giardiasis. They are indicated in some specific circumstances to treat infections caused by Campylobacter, some categories of diarrheagenic E. coli, C. difficile, nontyphoidal Salmonella, and certain Vibrionaceae. Few adjunctive treatments provide proven benefit without risk of adverse reactions; most offer no advantage over placebo, and their general use is not encouraged.
 ...
PMID:Treatment of diarrhea. 307 25

The common practice of sexual relations with many different and anonymous partners and the great variety of responsible micro-organisms account for the high incidence, growing complexity and uneasy prevention of sexually transmitted diseases of the digestive tract in male homosexuals. Syphilis, gonorrhoea, papillomas, chancroid, donovanosis, herpes virus or Chlamydia infections are known to be transmitted by anal coitus; amebiasis, giardiasis and shigellosis by oro-anal contact (faecal contamination). Still under discussion, however, are the predominant mode of transmission of Campylobacter jejuni, the true frequency in homosexuals of intestinal anguilluliasis, oxyuriasis and salmonellosis and the anorectal pathogenicity of Neisseria meningitidis, intestinal spirochetes, Mycoplasma homini, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Campylobacter-like organisms. Diagnosis is difficult since these infections are polymicrobial as a rule and often clinically asymptomatic or atypical and may be further modified by features of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, traumatic lesions or anorectal tumours. Microbiological examination is an essential prerequisite to rational treatment.
 ...
PMID:[Digestive localizations of sexually transmitted diseases in male homosexuals]. 316 35

Acute infectious diarrhoea is a widespread cause of morbidity and mortality. Some of the major diarrhoeal diseases are cholera, typhoid fever, shigellosis (bacillary dysentery), salmonellosis, "travellers' diarrhoea", and giardiasis These diseases can be avoided with proper education, sanitation, and hygiene. However, the majority of these diseases occur most frequently in areas of the world where political and social upheaval, poverty, overcrowding, and a lack of education prevail. Although vaccines are available for some of the diseases, they are not completely effective. Antimicrobial therapy is effective in decreasing the duration and severity of diarrhoea and in reducing the likelihood of relapses, complications, and death. An antimicrobial drug for the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoeal disease must be relatively specific, effective, and safe, and it should not promote the development of resistant bacteria. Furazolidone (Furoxone) has been used for 30 years for the specific and symptomatic treatment of bacterial or protozoal diarrhoea and enteritis caused by susceptible organisms. Its effectiveness has often been shown to be comparable or superior to that of other drugs. In addition, the toxicity of furazolidone is relatively low, and it minimizes the development of resistant organisms. These characteristics should contribute to the continued use of furazolidone as a rational choice in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhoeal diseases that occur worldwide.
 ...
PMID:The use of furoxone: a perspective. 351 12

Diarrhoeal disease is a common problem in developing countries. As a result of recent advances in diagnostic methodology, the causative agents can now be identified in most cases of acute diarrhoeal diseases. Enteric bacterial pathogens are the common cause of gastroenteritis in developing countries. Appropriate uses of antibiotics in selected cases of diarrhoea will decrease symptoms or reduce faecal shedding of the organism and prevent spread of infection. Antimicrobial agents improve the diarrhoea associated with cholera, shigellosis, enteric fever, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, giardiasis, amoebiasis, and probably Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and enteropathogenic E. coli. Antibiotics have no role in the treatment of viral diarrhoea or uncomplicated salmonella gastroenteritis. Most of the diarrhoeal diseases are self-limited and the wrong choice of antimicrobial agents will worsen the symptoms. Treatment of gastrointestinal infections with antimicrobials will change intestinal microflora, promote the emergence of resistant strains and overgrowth of potential pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Risks and benefits should be considered before prescribing antimicrobial agents.
 ...
PMID:Consequences of treatment of gastrointestinal infections. 354 20

Homosexual men are at increased risk for traditional sexually transmitted anorectal infections (gonorrhea, syphilis, venereal warts, herpes and chlamydial infection) and enteric infections characterized by a low infecting inoculum (hepatitis A and B, amebiasis, giardiasis, shigellosis and campylobacteriosis). Infections account for most of the gastrointestinal symptoms in homosexual men seen at sexually transmitted disease clinics, but asymptomatic and polymicrobial infections are also common. Distinguishing three syndromes-proctitis, proctocolitis and enteritis-is clinically useful because these syndromes correlate with specific microorganisms and modes of transmission. A careful anoscopic examination, rectal Gram's stain, cultures for gonorrhea and chlamydia, VDRL and darkfield examination of suspicious lesions should be routinely done when sexually active homosexual men present with unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms. Based on the history, physical examination and initial laboratory studies, patients can usually be classified as having proctitis, proctocolitis or enteritis. This distinction facilitates selection of both confirmatory diagnostic tests and antimicrobial therapy. The effectiveness of empiric treatment regimens for asymptomatic sexual contacts or for symptomatic patients in whom microbiological tests are pending has not been studied.
 ...
PMID:Anorectal and enteric infections in homosexual men. 383 33


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 Next >>