Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In two cases there was simultaneous or sequential occurrence of amebiasis, shigellosis, and giardiasis in male homosexuals. Enteric pathogens may, under the proper conditions, be venereally transmitted. In particular, the sexual practices of male homosexuals, most significantly, oral-anal contact, appear to provide the necesseary link for transmission. Evidence suggests that this is a growing problem.
 ...
PMID:Venereal transmission of enteric pathogens in male homosexuals. Two case reports. 19 77

To prevent diarrhea, efforts must be directed toward decreasing environmental contamination of enteropathogens, altering exposure of persons to naturally occurring agents, or to increasing host tolerance to prevalent enteropathogens. A vaccine is feasible in the control of certain enteric infections among high risk groups: typhoid fever and cholera, in areas of hyperendemicity or during an epidemic, shigellosis in institutionalized populations that are at risk to develop illness due to known prevalent serotypes, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli for US travelers to Latin America, and perhaps rotavirus for all children under 3 years of age. In diarrhea, the most useful form of treatment is an oral glucose/electrolyte solution, which in most cases will prevent dehydration. Lactose containing foods should be removed from the diet early in the course of diarrhea. Antimicrobial agents are necessary in the treatment of typhoid fever, are useful in the treatment of shigellosis, giardiasis, and amebiasis, and are contraindicated in intestinal salmonellosis.
 ...
PMID:Interventions in diarrheas of infants and young children. 35 24

Intestinal parasites, can cause malabsorption syndromes and shifts in intestinal bacterial flora. In this study 200 cases with parasitic infestations were examined in regard to their intestinal flora. The series included 96 giardiasis. 58 Ascariasis, 20 Oxyuriasis and 17 H. nana 14 T. trichiura, 8 Tenia cases. The stool cultures yielded mainly E. coli, Strep. faecalis and other gram negative enteric bacteria, yeasts along with uncommon species as B. subtilis, Herellea, Shigella at low frequencies. The control group of 50 patients without parasitic infestations had the same distribution ratio for the same species. The observed frequencies of the isolated bacterial species showed no significant differences between the parasite positive and control cases.
 ...
PMID:[The effects of intestinal parasites on enteric bacterial flora]. 55 93

Because of the form of sexual contact and the number of such contacts among homosexual men, physicians should be watchful for sexually transmitted infections in the homosexual community. Hepatitis B, anorectal gonorrhea, shigellosis, amebiasis, and giardiasis are now known to be among these infections. For treatment to be effective and epidemics avoided, physicians should question affected male patients about their sexual habits and advise abstinence from sexual contact until treatment is finished and cultures or smears are negative.
 ...
PMID:Sexually transmitted infections in homosexual men. 58 1

A high incidence of diarrhea was reported in a group of approximately 1,400 Americans who traveled to the Portuguese island of Madeira in October 1976. A mail questionnaire survey revealed that 39% of the responding 859 travelers experienced diarrhea; in 42% of these diarrhea lasted for longer than 1 week. The most frequent accompanying symptoms were abdominal cramps (75%), abdominal distention (72%), nausea (70%), and weight loss (40%). Of all travelers surveyed, 33% developed an illness resembling giardiasis with a median incubation period of 4 days. Of 35 ill patients who had a stool culture, enteric pathogens were recovered from 4 (3 Shigella and 1 Salmonella). On the other hand, of 58 ill patients whose stools were examined for parasites, Giardia lamblia was recovered from 27 (47%). Analysis of the epidemiologic data showed that drinking tap-water on the island was significantly associated with illness; eating ice cream or raw vegetables on the island was also implicated. There was no evidence of continuing transmission of giardiasis in American tourists visiting Madeira 8--12 months after the outbreak.
 ...
PMID:Giardiasis in American travelers to Madeira Island, Portugal. 72 17

In August and September 1975, an outbreak of diarrhea occurred in children 1 to 3 1/2 years old attending a day-care center. An investigation revealed overlapping epidemics of shigellosis and giardiasis, with 54% of the children infected with Giardia lamblia. At two other centers 29% and 38% of the children had G. lamblia infection, but none had Shigella. The prevalence of G. lamblia in the day-care children was significantly higher than the 2% prevalence in age-matched children not in day-care centers. Epidemiologic data suggested fecal-oral transmission of the parasite from child to child in the centers and from infected children to other family members.
 ...
PMID:Giardiasis in day-care centers: evidence of person-to-person transmission. 90 14

For the 2-year period 1989-1990, 16 states reported 26 outbreaks due to water intended for drinking; an estimated total of 4,288 persons became ill in these outbreaks. Giardia lamblia was implicated as the etiologic agent for seven of the 12 outbreaks in which an agent was identified. The outbreaks of giardiasis were all associated with ingestion of unfiltered surface water or surface-influenced groundwater. An outbreak with four deaths was attributed to Escherichia coli O157:H7, the only bacterial pathogen implicated in any of the outbreak investigations. An outbreak of remitting, relapsing diarrhea was associated with cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)-like bodies, whose role in causing diarrheal illness is being studied. Two outbreaks due to hepatitis A and one due to a Norwalk-like agent were associated with use of well water. Eighteen states reported a total of 30 outbreaks due to the use of recreational water, which resulted in illness for an estimated total of 1,062 persons. These 30 reports comprised 13 outbreaks of whirlpool- or hot tub-associated Pseudomonas folliculitis; 13 outbreaks of swimming-associated gastroenteritis, including five outbreaks of shigellosis; one outbreak of hepatitis A associated with a swimming pool; and three cases of primary amebic meningoencephalitis caused by Naegleria. The national surveillance of outbreaks of waterborne diseases, which has proceeded for 2 decades, continues to be a useful means for characterizing the epidemiology of waterborne diseases.
 ...
PMID:Waterborne-disease outbreaks, 1989-1990. 177 Sep 24

This article reviews current recommendations of therapy with antidiarrheal compounds and antimicrobial agents for acute infectious diarrhea in children. In most infants and children with acute infectious diarrhea, treatment with antidiarrheal compounds is not indicated. Many of these compounds interfere with identification of enteropathogens in stool specimens, and the antimotility class has an overdose potential. Antimicrobial therapy is given to reduce symptoms and to prevent the spread of infection by decreasing fecal shedding of organisms. Although effective therapy is not available for patients with enteric viruses, Cryptosporidium, and Microsporidium, therapy is useful for children with amebiasis, antimicrobial-associated colitis, cholera, giardiasis, various forms of Escherichia coli diarrhea and Salmonella disease, isosporiasis, shigellosis, and strongyloidiasis. For several other conditions, antimicrobial therapy is of questionable benefit (infection with Campylobacter jejuni or Yersinia enterocolitica, intestinal salmonellosis and enterohemorrhagic E. coli infection). Compounds such as the fluoroquinolones, which are effective in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea in adults, are not approved for use in children because of potential side effects. Many bacterial, viral, and parasitic organisms cause acute infectious diarrhea; appropriate antimicrobial therapy requires the accurate, rapid identification of the offending enteropathogen. In children with an underlying illness such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, manifestations may be prolonged, severe, and recurrent despite appropriate therapy.
 ...
PMID:Therapy for acute infectious diarrhea in children. 200 52

The sensitivity of a medical center's inpatient and outpatient database to detect notifiable diseases was examined. Only 53 percent of inpatient and 7 percent of outpatient laboratory-confirmed cases of shigellosis, salmonellosis, giardiasis, and hepatitis were identified by an automated search for matching diagnosis codes. Reasons for lack of sensitivity include nonavailability of laboratory results at the time of diagnosis assignment, use of a standardized encounter form with limited preselected diagnosis codes, and pre-emptying of the infectious disease diagnosis by other diagnoses.
 ...
PMID:Use of a medical center's computerized health care database for notifiable disease surveillance. 201 68

This overview provides a discussion of the special concerns of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) for women, particularly because of its asymptomatic character; screening; primary prevention; e.g., abstinence, selection of sexual partners restriction of sexual activities, use of barriers (condoms, vaginal spermicides, diaphragm in conjunction with spermicides), and vaccines; and the role of the gynecologist in StD prevention. Gonorrhea and chlamydial infection are usually asymptomatic STD infections in women; long term sequelae are pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), infertility, and pregnancy complications. There is an increased risk of cervical cancer. Infection is lifelong for herpes simplex virus (HSV) and HIV and malingering for chronic hepatitis B (HPB). Genital human papillomavirus (HPV) and HSV infections cannot be identified serologically. The fetus can be fatally or severely affected by STDs. Abstinence is the only effective prevention for STDs. Likelihood of infection may be reduced by limiting partners, but how partners are chosen and knowledge of infection is a more important determinant. Partners need to be asked about current symptoms, history of STDs, multiple partners, and history of known STD partners, as well as past history of homosexual activity, intravenous drug use, hemophilia, and previous exposure to high-risk persons for STDs. Visible genital warts or lesions, wartlike growths, ulcers, or rash need explanations. Avoidance of oral anal and digital anal activity reduces transmission of hepatitis A, giardiasis, amebiasis, and shigellosis. Any mechanical barrier that remains intact should reduce the risk of STD; barriers specifically covering the cervix are excellent. Condom use is effective when used as follows: 1) at the onset of sexual activity, 2) without petroleum jelly or baby oil on latex, 3) with care of fingernails which may tear holes, 4) with complete withdrawal of the penis before complete detumescence, and 5) with a withdrawal hold at the base of the penis. Spermicides, such as nonoxynol 9, are effective against STDs. Diaphragm use with spermicide may be effective because of the spermicide. There is a reduced risk of transmission of HSV or HPV to a partner. Vaccines are only available for hepatitis B. Obstetrics and gynecology residency training in STDs in unavailable in 4 out of 5 medical schools, and gynecologists are ethically obligated to accurately inform about STD diagnosis, treatment, and diagnosis.
 ...
PMID:Avoiding sexually transmitted diseases. 209 42


1 2 3 4 5 Next >>