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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Results are presented of the laboratory examination of faeces specimens from 20,273 patients with acute diarrhoea. These were household index cases seen in general practice in a London borough during the years 1953-68. An annual average of about 2 per cent of households in the area were affected, but there was considerable fluctuation with year and season. Half the patients were children although only one-fifth of the population at risk was under 15 years of age. The greatest incidence of diarrhoea was among children under 5 years old. Male children, but female adults predominated. Specimens were sent for laboratory diagnosis at the discretion of the general practitioner. The laboratory found some abnormality in nearly a third and there were indications that transmissible infection was involved in about one-fifth of patients. The most common diagnosis was Sonne dysentery (9 per cent) which came in epidemic waves and made its greatest impact among young school children. Microscopy was useful, and giardiasis was diagnosed in 1-4 per cent of index patients. Other parasites were less commonly found. Fatty globules characteristic of an infectious condition we have called 'fatty diarrhoea' were frequently observed by microscopy in stools from young children and occasionally from older persons. Blood or pus cells were seen in less than half the shigella and salmonella infections and in a much smaller proportion of the remainder. A test for occult blood performed on specimens from all patients of 40 years or older was positive, in the absence of visible red cells, in a tenth of these cases. Other studies on the bacteriology of diarrhoea in general practice are referred to and some epidemiological comparisons made. The possible place of unidentified infective agents in the aetiology of undiagnosed diarrhoeas and of 'fatty diarrhoea' is discussed.
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PMID:Diarrhoea in general practice: a sixteen-year report of investigations in a microbiology laboratory, with epidemiological assessment. 109 96

Entamoeba histolytica-specific serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE antibodies were assayed in cases of amoebiasis in an endemic area. Patient groups consisted of amoebic liver abscess (n = 18), preabscess hepatic amoebiasis (n = 22) and amoebic colitis (n = 30). Control subjects comprised 26 asymptomatic cyst passers, 13 giardiasis cases, 20 typhoid patients and 24 non-amoebic individuals. Serum IgG was assayed by ELISA, using a monoclonal anti IgG beta-galactosidase (IgG beta-gal) conjugate, a polyclonal avidin biotin horse radish peroxidase (AB-HRP), and a polyclonal anti IgG horse radish peroxidase (IgG HRP) conjugate. IgA and IgM were assayed by the beta-gal ELISA and IgE by AB-HRP. Diagnostically significant IgG and IgA while lower IgM and IgE antibody levels were seen in extraintestinal cases. About 40% of suspected pre-abscess hepatic amoebiasis cases were confirmed by antibody estimation. All isotype levels in most dysentery cases were in the range of the controls.
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PMID:Detection of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE antibodies in invasive amoebiasis in endemic areas. 169 66

The present paper is reporting the characteristic ultrastructural aspects of an amoeboid B. hominis population obtained from a child having giardiasis and dysentery in history. The particular features of smooth endothelial reticulum are postulated as being the expression of functional changes of this organelle in the differentiation process, the protozoon passing from the amoeba to the vacuolar form.
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PMID:Ultrastructural evidence for a possible differentiation way in the life-cycle of Blastocystis hominis. 182 Nov 65

Entamoeba histolytica--specific serum IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE were assayed in cases of amoebiasis in an endemic area. Patient groups consisted of amoebic liver abscess (n = 18), pre abscess hepatic amoebiasis (n = 22) and amoebic colitis (n = 30). Control subjects comprised 26 asymptomatic cyst passers, 13 giardiasis cases, 20 typhoid patients and 24 non amoebic individuals. Serum IgG was assayed by ELISA: using a monoclonal anti IgG beta-galactosidase (IgG beta-gal) conjugate, a polyclonal avidin biotin horse radish peroxidase (AB-HRP) and a polyclonal anti IgG horse radish peroxidase (IgG HRP) conjugate. IgA and IgM were assayed by the beta-gal ELISA and IgE by AB-HRP. Diagnostically significant IgG and IgA while lower IgM and IgE levels were seen in extra intestinal cases. About 40% of suspected pre abscess hepatic amoebiasis cases were confirmed by antibody estimation. All isotype levels in most dysentery cases were in the range of the controls. Inter assay coefficient of variation and assay specificity/sensitivity are also discussed.
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PMID:Detection of IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE in antibodies in invasive amoebiasis in endemic areas. 213 1

The use of a faecal preservative and several staining methods, together with formalin ether concentration, were evaluated for the improved diagnosis of intestinal amoebiasis and giardiasis in 1285 patients with diarrhoea or dysentery and from asymptomatic controls. All samples were screened by three wet mount techniques. Thirty eight specimens of diarrhoeal or dysenteric stool were preserved in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and stained by trichrome and Spencer and Monroe short iron haematoxylin stain. Thirty nine preserved faecal samples submitted for routine screening were subjected to formalin ether concentration, wet mount examination, and permanent staining. Saline and buffered methylene blue (BMB) mounts were equally good for detection of trophozoite Entamoebae while Giardia trophozoites were detected only by the saline mount. The iodine mount was superior to the other mounts for protozoan cyst detection. The concentration procedure enhanced cyst recovery. Faecal preservation and subsequent staining was superior to wet mount examination for detection of the trophozoite stage and avoided the need for fresh specimens. Both the trichrome and the iron haematoxylin stains were comparable for the detection of cysts and trophozoites of the Entomoebae. Giardia lamblia trophozoites stained better with iron haematoxylin than with the trichrome. Preservation and permanent staining is recommended as the most productive means for the accurate identification of the various protozoan parasites.
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PMID:Evaluation of faecal preservation and staining methods in the diagnosis of acute amoebiasis and giardiasis. 245 58

A study on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in a group of homosexual men, attending a sexually-transmitted diseases clinic in Glasgow, was undertaken. Of 118 men examined over an eight-month period, four, one of whom had symptoms of dysentery, were found to be infected with Entamoeba histolytica. Cysts of Iodamoeba buetschlii were also found in the stool of one of these men. A further two patients had giardiasis, and 11 men had enterobiasis. The importance of an awareness of these conditions is discussed.
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PMID:Intestinal parasites in homosexual men. 625 24

Giardia is the best known cause of protozoal gastrointestinal disease in North America, producing significant but not life-threatening gastrointestinal distress and diarrhea. Although diagnosis of giardiasis may be challenging, treatment is usually successful. Entamoeba histolytica poses a rarer but far more difficult clinical challenge. Dysentery caused by E. histolytica may be the most feared intestinal protozoal infection, although Cryptosporidium parvum, Balantidium coli, Isospora belli, Sarcocystis species and other newly described protozoa also may cause diarrhea in healthy individuals and may result in intractable, life-threatening illness in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or other immunosuppressive diseases. Certain protozoa once considered relatively unimportant, such as Cryptosporidium, are now recognized as significant causes of morbidity even in the United States, since transmission readily occurs through contaminated water.
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PMID:Intestinal protozoa. 905 17

Traveling to underdeveloped countries requires several important preventive measures, such as vaccination and bringing electric water boiling apparatus. After arriving in the underdeveloped country, travelers must avoid unheated water, ice, beverages containing ice, raw vegetables, fruits cut by local people. However, many Japanese travelers do not pay attention to these points, resulting in increasing numbers of cases of tropical diseases such as cholera, dysentery, giardiasis, among orally contracted intestinal diseases. We must learn from Americans and British who are very cautious in traveling to these areas. In addition to educating travelers about preventive measures, doctors who will see patients returning from traveling in underdeveloped countries must be able to recognize and treat tropical diseases. Unfortunately, this is often not the case in Japan, causing delays in diagnosis and treatment. It is imperative to diagnose communicable diseases as quickly as possible to avoid unnecessary secondary infections. Thus, for a traveler accumulating knowledge on the current hygienic conditions in the tropical country must also be one of the necessary preparations.
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PMID:[Prophylaxis of infectious intestinal diseases before leaving for underdeveloped countries]. 917 Sep 68

Giardia intestinalis is a common parasite in our country and the rest of the world and is responsible for several clinical disturbances that include dysentery type diarrheas, recurrent abdominal pain, duodenitis, jejunitis, cholecystitis and in some cases toxemias and convulsions. In this paper we review recent concepts of intestinal giardiasis, considering the basic aspects of the biology and physiology of Giardia intestinalis, its morphology and its relationship the parasite pathogenicity. We detail the physiopathological mechanisms responsible for the different clinic manifestations of giardiasis, the specific laboratory and endoscopic methods of diagnosis and the most recent advances in the treatment and prophylaxis of this disease.
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PMID:[Intestinal giardiasis. Mini-review]. 1210 26

Almost all children living in endemic zones are infected by gastrointestinal parasites. However only 3 to 5% develop diarrhea directly related to parasite infection. Entamoeba hystolytica and Entamoeba dispar coexist in many areas. In the past Entamoeba dispar was called non-pathogenic ameba. The vegetating forms are microscopically identical and detection of wall differences using biochemical tests is unreliable. Thus since it is rarely possible to determine whether or not a vegetating ameba found in stools is hematophagous treatment using metronidazole is the only alternative. Failure of such treatment indicates that dysentery is probably due to a cause other than amibiasis, e.g., bacterial infection in most cases. Another protozoan commonly found in endemic areas is Giardia. Giardia can cause diarrhea and this is frequently the case in undernourished children. Giardia infection leads to severe atrophic villosity requiring appropriate specific treatment. In children cryptosporidioses may be asymptomatic or lead to diarrhea especially in cases associated with malnutrition or immunodeficiency related in particular to AIDS. Helminths are a rare cause of significant diarrhea except Anguillula in undernourished children. In children presenting severe malnutrition, anguilluliasis can lead to serious consequences and requires immediate treatment using ivermectin. To avoid severe diarrhea in children presenting immunodeficiency induced by corticotherapy or chemotherapy for cancer, prophylaxis is mandatory against anguilluliasis using ivermectin and usually against giardiasis using metronidazole.
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PMID:[Parasitic diarrhea in eutrophic and malnourished children]. 1476 99


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