Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

RIDA Quick immunochromatographic lateral-flow assay was evaluated for diagnosis of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis as compared to the "gold standard" stool examination. Of the 300 specimens were examined by microscopy of direct wet films, concentrated sediments, modified trichrome and modified Ziehl-Neelsen stained slides, 35 samples of Giardia, ten Cryptosporidium, 35 of other parasites, and 20 negative controls were selected for RIDA Quick test examination. All the samples that gave discrepancy results were retested by the centrifugation prior to preparation for the permanent stained smear. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of RIDA quick test for Giardia were 91.6%, 98.4%, 97% & 95.4% respectively, while that of the microscopic stool examination were 94.5%, 100%, 100% & 96.9%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV of RIDA quick test for Cryptosporidium was 91.6%, 100%, 100% & 98.8% respectively, while that of the microscopic stool examination were 83.3%, 100%, 100% & 97.7%.
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PMID:A single-step immunochromatographic lateral-flow assay for detection of Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium parvum antigens in human fecal samples. 1920 62

The public health significance of giardiasis and cryptosporidiosis in sheep is currently unclear. Some research suggests that they are probably not an important zoonotic reservoir, whilst other research indicates this potential exists, and some outbreaks have also been associated with infections in sheep. Actions to limit water supply contamination by sheep have sometimes been severe, occasionally creating problems between farming and public health communities. Here our knowledge on these parasites in both sheep and goats is reviewed; although direct evidence of transmission to humans via water supply contamination is limited, the data accrued indicate that this is a real possibility. As cryptosporidiosis in sheep is generally more prevalent than giardiasis, and species/genotypes of Cryptosporidium infections in sheep are likely to be infectious to humans, this parasite may be considered the greater threat. Nevertheless, geographical variation in prevalence and genotypic distribution is extensive and as measures to limit sheep grazing can have a highly negative impact, it is important that cases are judged individually. If water contamination from a particular population of sheep/goats is suspected, then suitable investigations should be instigated, investigating both prevalence and species/genotype, before precautionary measures are imposed.
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PMID:Giardia and Cryptosporidium infections in sheep and goats: a review of the potential for transmission to humans via environmental contamination. 1927 99

New Zealand has a higher reported incidence of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis than most other developed countries. This study aimed to describe and compare the epidemiology of these infections in New Zealand, to better understand their impact on public health and to gain insight into their probable modes of transmission. We analysed cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis notification data for a 10-year period (1997-2006). Highest rates for both diseases were in Europeans, children aged 0-5 years, and those living in low-deprivation areas. Cryptosporidiosis distribution was consistent with mainly farm animal (zoonotic) reservoirs. There was a dose-response relationship with increasing grades of rurality, marked spring seasonality, and positive correlation with farm animal density. Giardiasis distribution was consistent with predominantly human (anthroponotic) reservoirs, with an important contribution from overseas travel. Further research should focus on methods to reduce transmission of Cryptosporidium in rural areas and on reducing anthroponotic transmission of Giardia.
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PMID:A tale of two parasites: the comparative epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis. 1939 24

Giardia spp. and Cryptosporidium spp. are intestinal parasites that affect humans and animals throughout the world. Although infection with Giardia spp. is usually self-limiting, some cases result in mild to severe enteritis. Giardiasis can be treated with modern drugs. The increasing incidence of well-documented outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis has resulted in a growing awareness of the danger of this infection. In this study, the authors examined beavers and muskrats to determine their role as reservoir hosts in the spread of these two pathogens. The authors obtained fecal samples from trapped animals and examined them to detect simultaneously the presence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts. Water samples collected from the trapping locations were also tested for the same pathogens. The study showed that 65.9% of the tested muskrats were positive for Giardia spp., 50% were positive for Cryptosporidium spp., and 29.3% were infected with both parasites. The surface water tests showed three sites were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. and none for Giardia spp. These findings suggest the muskrat may be an important reservoir host for both Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp.
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PMID:Prevalence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in muskrats in northeastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 1940 29

Data from the first sentinel site (Waterloo Region, Ontario) of the Canadian Integrated Enteric Disease Surveillance System (C-EnterNet) were used in a secondary-based case-control study of laboratory-confirmed Cryptosporidium infections to study the role of various exposure factors. The incidence of cryptosporidiosis in Waterloo Region was almost double both the provincial and national rates. Persons ill with one of nine other enteric infections (amoebiasis, campylobacteriosis, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, shigellosis, verotoxigenic E. coli infections, yersiniosis) captured by the surveillance system were used as the control group. Of 1204 cases of enteric illness in the sentinel area between April 2005 and December 2007, 36 cases and 803 controls were selected after excluding outbreak and international travel-related cases. Univariable analyses (Pearson chi2 and Fisher's exact tests) and multivariable logistic regression were performed. Results of the multivariable analysis found that cryptosporidiosis was associated with swimming in a lake or river (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.2-7.4), drinking municipal water (a potential surrogate for urban respondents vs. rural) (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.04-5.7), and having a family member with a diarrhoeal illness (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.3-6.4).
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PMID:A modified case-control study of cryptosporidiosis (using non-Cryptosporidium-infected enteric cases as controls) in a community setting. 1952 50

Dogs and cats are the only domestic animals that still routinely reside in the same domicile as their owners around the world, and hence the interest in their role as reservoirs of potentially zoonotic agents. In the case of cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, current data suggests that dogs and cats do not routinely share their infections with healthy people. Dogs are hosts of Cryptosporidiumcanis and Giardiaduodenalis Assemblages C and D. Cats are hosts to Cryptosporidiumfelis and G. duodenalis Assemblage F. Dogs and cats (and other animals) are sometimes infected with sub-Assemblage AI, an Assemblage also found in people, but people usually have sub-Assemblage AII. Unfortunately, severely immunocompromised individuals and malnourished children can be made ill by infections with C. canis and C. felis. People should practice good sanitation and hygiene to minimize environmental contamination and contact with the infectious (oo)cysts that may be shed by their pets.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis in dogs and cats: veterinary and public health importance. 1954 32

We investigated whether risk of sporadic enteric disease differs by drinking water source and type using surveillance data and a geographic information system. We performed a cross-sectional analysis, at the individual level, that compared reported cases of enteric disease with drinking water source (surface or ground water) and type (municipal or private). We mapped 814 cases of campylobacteriosis, cryptosporidiosis, giardiasis, salmonellosis and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection, in a region of British Columbia, Canada, from 1996 to 2005, and determined the water source and type for each case's residence. Over the 10-year period, the risk of disease was 5.2 times higher for individuals living on land parcels serviced by private wells and 2.3 times higher for individuals living on land parcels serviced by the municipal surface/ground water mixed system, than the municipal ground water system. Rates of sporadic enteric disease potentially differ by drinking water source and type. Geographic information system technology and surveillance data are accessible to local public health authorities and used together are an efficient and affordable way to assess the role of drinking water in sporadic enteric disease.
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PMID:Where's the pump? Associating sporadic enteric disease with drinking water using a geographic information system, in British Columbia, Canada, 1996-2005. 1959 Jan 37

Cryptosporidium species and Giardia intestinalis are the most common enteric protozoan pathogens affecting humans worldwide. In recent years, nitazoxanide has been licensed in the United States for the treatment of cryptosporidiosis in non-immunodeficient children and adults, becoming the first drug approved for treating this disease. There is a need for a highly effective treatment for cryptosporidiosis in immunodeficient patients, but the quest for such a drug has proven to be elusive. While not effective against Cryptosporidium, nitroimidazoles such as metronidazole or tinidazole are effective treatments for giardiasis and can be administered as a single dose. Albendazole and nitazoxanide are effective against giardiasis but require multiple doses. Nitazoxanide is the first new drug developed for treating giardiasis in more than 20years. New potentially promising drug targets in Cryptosporidium and Giardia have been identified, but there appears to be little activity toward clinical development of new drugs.
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PMID:Cryptosporidium and Giardia: treatment options and prospects for new drugs. 1963 25

Waste from cattle production contains protozoa, such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia, which can be transmitted to humans. People residing in areas of high cattle density may be at increased risk for protozoan infections. The objective of this study was to assess spatial and temporal associations between cattle density and hospitalizations for protozoan infections in the U.S. elderly. Data on protozoan infections were abstracted from Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services datasets for a 14-year period (1991-2004). Cattle inventory data were abstracted from the 2002 U.S. Census of Agriculture. Counties were classified into one of five exposure categories based on both cattle density and human density. Our analyses considered differences in rates, trends, and variations in seasonal patterns based on exposure categories. Cryptosporidiosis demonstrated a trend of increasing annual rates related to increased potential exposure to cattle. Both cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis demonstrated significant seasonal patterns peaking during the fourth week of October in areas of high cattle/low population density and the second week of September in counties with low cattle/low human density, respectively. Counties with low human population density (regardless of cattle density) had the highest rate of all protozoan infections, peaking in the summer. These results demonstrate the elderly population is at increased risk of protozoan infections in areas of high cattle density, particularly cryptosporidiosis. The seasonal patterns and higher annual rates seen in rural areas suggest time-variant environmental exposures, which may be affected with geographical and temporal targeting of agricultural policies and interventions to improve public health.
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PMID:Patterns of protozoan infections: spatiotemporal associations with cattle density. 2022 28

To understand the situation of water contamination with Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia spp. in the northern region of Portugal, we have established a long-term program aimed at pinpointing the sources of surface water and environmental contamination, working with the water-supply industry. Here, we describe the results obtained with raw water samples collected in rivers of the 5 hydrographical basins. A total of 283 samples were analyzed using the Method 1623 EPA, USA. Genetic characterization was performed by PCR and sequencing of genes 18S rRNA of Cryptosporidium spp. and beta-giardin of Giardia spp. Infectious stages of the protozoa were detected in 72.8% (206 of 283) of the water samples, with 15.2% (43 of 283) positive for Giardia duodenalis cysts, 9.5% (27 of 283) positive for Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts, and 48.1% (136 of 283) samples positive for both parasites. The most common zoonotic species found were G. duodenalis assemblages A-I, A-II, B, and E genotypes, and Cryptosporidium parvum, Cryptosporidium andersoni, Cryptosporidium hominis, and Cryptosporidium muris. These results suggest that cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are important public health issues in northern Portugal. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report evaluating the concentration of environmental stages of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in raw water samples in the northern region of Portugal.
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PMID:Biological and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis isolates from five hydrographical basins in northern Portugal. 2058 25


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