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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
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One hundred children with enuresis were studied to find out various factors responsible for this condition. Enuresis was more frequent in first born, service class and bottle fed children. There was a significant role of stress factors in causation of enuresis. We found a higher frequency of behavioral symptoms among children with enuresis. There was no significant correlation between enuresis and sex, education of parents, social class, sleep patterns, age of mother at marriage and intellectual grades of the children. Worm infestations, giardiasis, amebiasis and urinary infection were seen in 70% of cases. General body weakness, cold and nervousness were the common causes of enuresis in the parents' opinion. The main reason for not seeking the treatment at an early stage in view of parents' was that they thought enuresis a normal variant.
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PMID:Enuresis: analysis of 100 cases. 175 55

Diarrhea affects approximately 330,000 travelers from industrialized nations each year. Diarrhea is a reflection of inadequate hygiene or waste disposal in the countries visited, usually developing countries. The greatest incidence occurs in 20-29 years olds who take the most dietary risks. Some foods that pose the greatest risk in descending order include raw oysters, steak tartare, ice cubes, washed vegetables, cold milk, puddings, and sandwiches with mixed fillings. 40% of all travelers have a self limiting and rarely grave diarrheal illness caused by local enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Following an incubation period of 5-9 days, symptoms appear (cramps, fever, and 10 or more diarrheal episodes/day). 5% are infected with Giardia lamblia and 4% with Entamoeba histolytica. Giardiasis occurs worldwide and is characterized by grumbling diarrhea, cramps, and flatulence. E. histolytica causes a severe illness characterized by colitis with bloody stools, anorexia, malaise, sweats, weight loss, and epigastric pain. Only 10-100 Shigella bacteria are required by cause shigellosis. Symptoms include blood and mucus in the diarrhea and malaise. A traveler who ingests food with 100,000 Salmonella bacteria in it most likely will fall ill 48 hours after eating the contaminated food. Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers have an incubation period of about 12 days and may be fatal. Initial symptoms consists of headache, malaise, fever, and pain and 2 weeks later bloody diarrhea appears. Additional common diarrheal illnesses include cholera, post infectious tropical malabsorption, and those caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Campylobacter species. Another disease common in areas of poor hygiene is poliomyelitis with fever, sore throat, and headache present in mild forms. If the virus invades the central nervous system, however, paralysis occurs.
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PMID:Exotic diarrhoeal problems and poliomyelitis. 259 59

Once Giardia cysts leave the host, they die quickly if dehydrated but can survive for two months in water as cold as 8 degrees C (46 degrees F). Thus, giardiasis is transmitted through ingestion of infected feces or water. Infection most often causes diarrhea, but if a subacute or chronic form develops, additional signs and symptoms of intestinal distress may be present. Diagnosis is made by finding cysts in a stool sample and/or trophozoites in duodenal fluid. In rare cases, small-bowel biopsy may be necessary. Whether to treat asymptomatic giardiasis is debatable. Drug treatment spares the patient unpleasant symptoms that may develop and eliminates transmission, but available drugs can have side effects and none has been proven safe for pregnant women. By far, the best approach to giardiasis is prevention through education of travelers, nature lovers, and workers in day-care centers and institutions that house the incontinent.
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PMID:Giardiasis. A crimp in the life-style of campers, travelers, and others. 335 71

This paper focuses on the growing incidence of the "new" sexually transmitted parasitic enteric diseases: amebiasis and giardiasis. Two major behavioral factors influence transmission of these diseases in the gay community: 1) oral-rectal and oral-genital sexual contact and 2) multiple sexual partners. Pathogenesis, clinical signs and symptoms and complications associated with these diseases are also discussed. Although many patients present with severe symptoms, approximately 50 percent of infected patients are asymptomatic. The diagnostic procedures include a fresh purged stool examination, nonpurged warm stool examinations, and/or cold stool specimens. The serologic tests (serum precipitin and hemagglutination) are of value only in severely symptomatic invasive disease. Different treatment regimens and their side effects are discussed. Drugs used in the treatment of the enteric diseases include diiodohydroxyquin, metronidazole, furamide, and paromomycin. Only 60 to 70 percent of patients with the disease are cured, and 30 to 40 percent of patients require multiple courses of therapy. Test-of-cure examinations, ideally consisting of one or two purged stool specimens, are necessary in follow-up management.
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PMID:Enteric diseases. 626 Apr 31

Unsporulated Isospora belli oocysts were detected in the stool specimens of three homosexual men. The oocysts were ellipsoidal measuring 23-33 X 12-15 micron. It is acid fast with modified cold kinyoun stain (MCK) and reveals orange fluorescence with the Truant's stain. Sheather's sucrose flotation method is effective in concentrating Isospora oocyst as with other coccidial oocysts. One specimen showed many Charcot-Leyden crystals. All three patients responded to treatment. Isosporiosis is rare in this country and is endemic in the tropics and subtropics. Although one case acquired the infection after returning from an endemic area, the other two cases had no travel history. This raised the suspicion that this, like other parasitic infections (amebiasis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis) may be sexually transmitted. Such exotic parasitic infections in homosexual men during the outbreak of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome adds another unusual infectious agent to the differential diagnosis of diarrheal disease in this high risk group of population.
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PMID:Isospora belli diarrheal infection in homosexual men. 654 6

In the year 2100 a global mean temperature increase of 2 degrees C, and a 50 cm rise in sea level are expected. An escalation in the intensity and duration of heat waves will increase mortality, whilst higher temperatures in cold regions may reduce it. On a global scale, vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, yellow fever and some types of viral encephalitis are likely to increase. 50 to 80 million more cases of malaria could occur annually. Elevated temperatures and more frequent floods could cause an increase in salmonellosis, cholera and giardiasis. Indirectly, shortages of freshwater and foods may cause serious health problems. The world may see more environmental refugees. For Norway a temperature increase of 3-4 degrees C during winter and 2 degrees C in summer is expected, with more precipitation, especially in western parts. The possibility of the Gulf Stream turning at 40 degrees N and causing a temperature decrease of 10 degrees C, is not very likely. Malaria could reestablish itself in Europe, but hardly in Norway. The most harmful arthropod vector in Norway, the tick Ixodes ricinus, might extend its range into the most populated parts of the country. Marine algal blooms might increase the risk of cholera. Health problems caused by greater floods, poisonous algae and certain freshwater cercaria might increase.
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PMID:[Health effects of climatic changes--possible consequences for Norway]. 906 11