Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To develop an improved serodiagnostic test for amoebiasis, we performed a detailed analysis of the immunodominant epitopes of the 29 kDa surface antigen and evaluated its sensitivity and specificity. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) based on the fragment containing the immunodominant epitope was evaluated further and compared with full-length recombinant 29 kDa protein. Specificity and sensitivity of the two ELISAs were assessed using 55 human sera of parasitic protozoa infection cases (25 amoebiasis, 20 giardiasis and 10 toxoplasmosis sera) and 10 healthy control sera. The immunodominant epitope of the 29 kDa antigen is localised only in the N-terminus 14-54 amino acid residues. The sensitivities of the two ELISAs were very high, 92 and 96%, respectively. The specificity of the fragment was 100%, whereas the specificity of the full-length 29 kDa protein was 86.6%. These results indicate that the fragment containing the immunodominant epitope of the 29 kDa protein can be used to accurately serodiagnose amoebiasis without cross-reactivity from other parasites.
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PMID:Serodiagnosis of amoebiasis using a recombinant protein fragment of the 29 kDa surface antigen of Entamoeba histolytica. 1142 40

Ornidazole is a commonly prescribed antiparasitic drug for parasitic infestations, including amoebiasis, giardiasis and Trichomonas vaginalis. Several cases of antibiotic-induced autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) or AIH-like syndrome have been reported recently. In this report, we describe a 35-year-old woman with two relapses of AIH induced by ornidazole prescribed for diarrhoea and vaginal infection.
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PMID:Ornidazole-induced autoimmune hepatitis. 1143 5

Alterations of serum zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations are commonly found in patients suffering from gastrointestinal infections and with hepatic, renal, cardiovascular, and malignant diseases. In this study, the serum Zn and Cu levels in 20 children with giardiasis and in 40 children with amebiasis were evaluated. The serum Zn levels showed a significant decrease when compared to controls (p<0.001). After metronidazole therapy, a significant increase in Zn levels was observed (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in serum Cu levels between patients and controls before therapy. Before therapy, the serum Cu/Zn ratio in children with either giardiasis or amebiasis was significantly higher than that of the control group. After therapy, the Cu/Zn ratio was found to be back to normal. There were no significant differences in serum Zn levels and Cu/Zn ratios between children with and without diarrhea and there was no significant difference in children with or without failure to thrive. We concluded that Zn deficiency and elevated Cu/Zn ratio could be acute-phase responses to parasitic infections in children with giardiasis or amebiasis and that a successful treatment of the primary disorder will lead to complete recovery. Further studies are in progress to confirm the benefit of Zn supplementation during the acute phase of the disease, particularly in zinc-deficient regions of the world, such as in the case of Turkey.
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PMID:Serum zinc and copper levels in southeastern Turkish children with giardiasis or amebiasis. 1181 81

The use of wastewater and excreta in agriculture constitutes an important source of spread Salmonella strains and protozoan infections into the environment. This practice has been used in El Azzouzia (the wastewater-spreading area of Marrakesh city, Morocco) for several years. The available circumstantial evidence gained from epidemiological and microbiological investigations suggests that the use of untreated wastewater causes an excess of protozoan infections among children living in El Azzouzia (72%) compared with those from a control area (45%). The pathogenic protozoan infections observed were giardiasis (39%) and amoebiasis (28%). For Salmonella infection, 21.34% of the exposed children were infected, while this rate did not exceed 1.14% in the control group. The serogroups B and C were the most commonly isolated. The sewage farming children are therefore more exposed to detectable risk from pathogenic micro-organisms than the control children.
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PMID:Health effect of human wastes use in agriculture in El Azzouzia (the wastewater spreading area of Marrakesh city, Morocco). 1197 Aug 12

Humans are hosts to nearly 300 species of parasitic worms and over 70 species of protozoa, some derived from our primate ancestors and some acquired from the animals we have domesticated or come in contact with during our relatively short history on Earth. Our knowledge of parasitic infections extends into antiquity, and descriptions of parasites and parasitic infections are found in the earliest writings and have been confirmed by the finding of parasites in archaeological material. The systematic study of parasites began with the rejection of the theory of spontaneous generation and the promulgation of the germ theory. Thereafter, the history of human parasitology proceeded along two lines, the discovery of a parasite and its subsequent association with disease and the recognition of a disease and the subsequent discovery that it was caused by a parasite. This review is concerned with the major helminth and protozoan infections of humans: ascariasis, trichinosis, strongyloidiasis, dracunculiasis, lymphatic filariasis, loasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, cestodiasis, paragonimiasis, clonorchiasis, opisthorchiasis, amoebiasis, giardiasis, African trypanosomiasis, South American trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, malaria, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, and microsporidiosis.
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PMID:History of human parasitology. 1236 71

Diarrheal diseases remain an important cause of childhood morbidity and death in developing countries, although diarrheal deaths have significantly declined in recent years, mostly due to successes in the implementation of oral rehydration therapy (ORT), which is the principal treatment modality. Diarrhea may occur for varied reasons; however, most episodes of diarrhea in developing countries are infectious in origin. Three clinical forms of diarrhea (acute watery diarrhea, invasive diarrhea, and persistent diarrhea) have been identified to formulate a management plan. Acute diarrhea may be watery (where features of dehydration are prominent) or dysenteric (where stools contain blood and mucus). Rehydration therapy is the key to management of acute watery diarrhea, whereas antimicrobial agents play a vital role in the management of acute invasive diarrhea, particularly shigellosis and amebiasis. In persistent diarrhea, nutritional therapy, including dietary manipulations, is a very important aspect in its management, in addition to rehydration therapy. Rehydration may be carried out either by the oral or intravenous route, depending upon the degree of dehydration. Oral rehydration salts (ORS) solution (World Health Organization formula) is recommended for ORT. Intravenous fluid is recommended for initial management of severe dehydration due to diarrhea, followed by ORT with ORS solution for correction of ongoing fluid losses. Antimicrobial therapy is beneficial for cholera and shigellosis. Antiparasitic agents are indicated only if amebiasis and giardiasis are present. Appropriate feeding during diarrhea is recommended for nutritional recovery and to prevent bodyweight loss. Antidiarrheal agents do not provide additional benefit in the management of infectious diarrhea. Although some probiotics have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of acute diarrhea due to rotavirus, their use in the treatment of diarrhea is yet to be recommended, even in developed countries. The children of developing countries might benefit from zinc supplementation during the diarrheal illness, but its mode of delivery and cost effectiveness are yet to be decided.
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PMID:Treatment of infectious diarrhea in children. 1260 80

In Japan parasitic diseases have been considered to be successfully controlled in the last 30 years. However, some parasitic diseases, such as food-borne zoonoses and/or larva migrans, are emerging and/or re-emerging in Japan. Furthermore, imported parasitic diseases like malaria are also gradually increasing. Unfortunately accurate numbers of parasitic diseases other than echinococcosis, malaria, amebiasis, giardiasis, or cryptosporidiosis are obscure in Japan because of the lack of a legal registration system. Since symptoms and diagnostic imaging patterns of parasitic diseases are non-specific and have similarities with other infectious diseases or cancer, parasitic diseases are sometimes overlooked or left misdiagnosed. In this review, the current status of parasitic diseases in Japan is briefly summarized based on the analysis of the accumulated cases seen in our department. We also outline the clinical features, differential diagnosis and treatment of representative parasitic diseases for the better understanding and management of the parasitic diseases in Japan.
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PMID:The current status of parasitic diseases in Japan. 1270 86

The group of biologically active nitroheterocyclic compounds includes various 5- and 2-nitroimidazoles and 5-nitrofurans, which can be used as therapeutic agents against a variety of protozoan and bacterial (anaerobic) infections of humans and animals. The current status in the the treatment of giardiasis, trichomoniasis, balantidiasis, histomoniasis, and amebiasis (including infections due to opportunistic amebas) is presented. The most relevant drugs (benznidazole, furazolidone, metronidazole, misonidazole, nifurtimox, nimorazole, nitazoxanide, ornidazole, secnidazole, and tinidazole) are characterized with regard to their chemical, chemotherapeutic, toxicological, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacological properties, including the mechanism of action and resistance in certain parasitic protozoa.
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PMID:Nitroheterocyclic drugs with broad spectrum activity. 1281 46

Strongyloides stercoralis (SS) is an intestinal nematode that is mainly endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and sporadic in temperate zones. SS infection frequently occurs in people who have hematologic malignancies, HIV infection and in individuals undergoing immunosuppressive therapy. In this study, we report a 12- year-old immunocompetent boy who was admitted to our hospital with acute abdomen. Laboratory evaluation showed strongyloidiasis, amebiasis and giardiasis. Clinical and laboratory findings immediately improved with albendazole therapy. Therefore, when diarrhea with signs of acute abdomen is observed, stool examinations should be done for enteroparasitosis. This approach will prevent misdiagnosis as acute abdomen. Complete clinical improvement is possible by medical therapy without surgical intervention.
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PMID:Strongyloidiasis associated with amebiasis and giardiaisis in an immunocompetent boy presented with acute abdomen. 1469 65

Protozoal infections of the gastrointestinal tract occur worldwide and have substantial morbidity and mortality. Prevalence is higher in the economically deprived regions of the world, especially the developing countries. Infections like amoebiasis and giardiasis have a worldwide distribution, being endemic in India. Apart from producing GI symptoms, growth and development of children is also impaired. It is seen that protozoa multiply rapidly in their hosts and as there is a lack of effective vaccines, chemotherapy has been the only practiced way to treat individuals and reduce transmission. The current treatment modalities for protozoal diarrhoea include 5-nitrosoimidazoles, iodoquinol, diloxanide furoate, paromomycin, chloroquine, and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.
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PMID:Current drug therapy of protozoal diarrhoea. 1497 87


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