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Query: UMLS:C0017536 (giardiasis)
 1,714 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Acute diarrhoeal diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in children. Acute diarrhoea may be watery, where features of dehydration are more prominent or dysenteric, where the stools contain blood and mucous. Rehydration therapy is the key to the management of acute watery diarrhoea, whereas antibiotics play a vital role in the management of acute invasive diarrhoea, particularly shigellosis. Rehydration may be done either by the oral or intravenous routes depending upon the degree of dehydration. Oral rehydration salt solution of WHO formula is recommended for oral rehydration therapy (ORT). Ringer's lactate is the ideal intravenous fluid for correction of severe dehydration due to diarrhoea. Antibiotic therapy is beneficial for cholera and shigellosis only. Antiparasitic agents are indicated only if amoebiasis or giardiasis is present. Antidiarrhoeals are of no benefit for the treatment of acute diarrhoea. Appropriate feeding during diarrhoea is recommended with beneficial outcome.
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PMID:Management of acute diarrhoea. 878 11

The incidence of diarrheal disease due to Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia in the United States Embassy American population was recorded over a 25 month period. Overall case rates of 4.2/100 person-months for amoebiasis and 3.3/100 person-months for giardiasis were distinguished by wide variations based on age group and rainfall. In some circumstances, gender and prior living in Africa also correlated with disease incidence. Practitioners should look for these entities in American expatriates in Addis Ababa, especially during the dry season.
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PMID:Incidence of protozoal diarrheal disease in an expatriate community in Addis Ababa. 884 Jun 12

The pathophysiology of diseases produced by protozoal infections is caused not only by a direct effect of the parasites on their host (e.g. host cell lysis or parasite adherence), but also by indirect effects, where molecules of parasite origin exert an effect on host cells, which in turn produces a cascade of events (including the secretion of inflammatory cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide) responsible for the symptomatology observed. The role of the host itself in the pathogenic events is not negligeable and its genetic background, nutritional and immunological status will influence the outcome of the infection (which will result in asymptomatic infections in some individuals and severe disease in others). The general and specific features of a variety of protozoal infections of medical and veterinary importance (including malaria, babesiosis, trypanosomiasis, toxoplasmosis, cryptosporidiosis, amoebiasis, giardiasis and trichomoniasis) are discussed in this review and a number of common patterns are identified.
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PMID:[Physiopathology of protozoan infections]. 895 86

A combined formulation of diloxanide furoate and metronidazole was used to treat amoebiasis and giardiasis (cysts and vegetative forms) in 54 patients. Of these 34 patients had amoebiasis, 19 had giardiasis and one had mixed infection. Each patient took one tablet (containing 500 mg diloxanide furoate and 400 mg metronidazole), three times daily for 5 days, and the response to therapy was checked by clinical examination and by examination of fresh stools on days 3, 5 and 10. Abdominal pain was completely relieved in 91% and 84% of patients with amoebiasis and giardiasis, respectively, while parasitic clearance was 100% in both groups. Tolerance to the drug was adequate.
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PMID:Efficacy of a combined diloxanide furoate-metronidazole preparation in the treatment of amoebiasis and giardiasis. 917 49

Protozoan infections represent an area of concern for advanced practice nurses, particularly those working in rural areas or urban environments with refugee populations and those caring for patients with immunodeficiency-related diseases. Some of these infections have major effects on the fetus and neonate yet pose minimal problems to the mother. Protozoan infections are increasing in prevalence because of poor sanitation, overcrowding, increased foreign travel, and high-risk sexual behaviors. There is a need for public education to promote awareness and prevention of such infections. This emerging public health problem has been reported sporadically in the medical and perinatal nursing literature. This paucity of information may be partly due to the difficulty in diagnosing and managing these infections in the perinatal patient. The article discusses the more common infections caused by protozoa, amebae, and sporozoa: trichomoniasis, giardiasis, amebiasis, and toxoplasmosis.
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PMID:Protozoan infection in the perinatal period. 921 49

We report on a 30-year old patient suffering from acute abdomen. X-ray examinations (abdomen photograph, passage of contrast medium) showed an obstructive ileus of the small bowel. Exploratory laparatomy revealed an obstruction of the small bowel by means of masses of lymphatic nodes as part of a mesenteric lymphadenopathy. M. tuberculosis was identified as growing in cultures of peritoneal smears and material of lymphatic nodes. The retrospective examination of the pre-operative x-ray photographs of the chest showed an old primary complex of the lung. A combination of four antituberculotic drugs: Rifampicin, ethambutol, isoniazid and pyrazinamid was administered following the concept of a 6-month regimen. This treatment was successful: CT-scans of the abdomen showed a reduction of the mesenterial lymphadenopathy and the disappearance of the duodenal impression in the follow-up after 4 weeks of therapy. The abdominal TBC represents a severe disease requiring a differential diagnostic distinction from other abdominal diseases such as ileitis terminalis, Crohn's disease, neoplass as especially gastrointestinal lymphomas, giardiasis, amoebiasis and yersinia enterocolitis. The disease has a special importance among immigrant populations.
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PMID:[Ileus caused by tuberculosis]. 938 Jun 58

We review the pathophysiology of intestinal water and electrolyte transport leading to diarrhoea, the currently available pharmacological strategies for its treatment, and the economic implications of such treatments. Diarrhoea occurs most frequently and is associated with highest mortality in children under 5. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT) is the cornerstone of its management. The safety and efficacy of ORT in the prevention of death from dehydration, both in field and also in hospital settings, are now well established. Because it is also inexpensive, ORT is widely applicable worldwide. More recently, rice-based ORT has emerged, based on well known traditional remedies for diarrhoea in southeast Asia and the Far East. Rice-based ORT has the advantage of being more culturally acceptable, readily available even in rural homes in developing countries, and is more effective in reducing stool output and the duration of diarrhoea, compared with conventional glucose-electrolyte solutions such as World Health Organization ORT. For infants, the well known antidiarrhoeal properties of human milk needs emphasis for a variety of reasons including economic ones. Data concerning the economic benefits to a nations' health budget as a result of nationwide implementation of oral rehydration solution (ORS) use are limited. Available data from individual centres in developing countries, if projected to national level, would incur considerable economic advantage. Except for a few notable infections such as shigellosis, cholera, amoebiasis and giardiasis, the widespread use of antibiotics in acute diarrhoea, still a common practice in many developing countries, has no proven value and may be detrimental. The economic implications of antibiotic abuse in the treatment of diarrhoea in developing countries is enormous. Despite the availability of a wide spectrum of pharmacological agents for diarrhoea reviewed in this article, only a few such agents are of proven clinical efficacy: corticosteroids, aminosalicylates and immunosuppressants in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease and opioid derivatives such as loperamide which may be useful in protracted diarrhoea in children and in disorders where rapid gastrointestinal transit is the main cause of diarrhoea. Opioids are not recommended for acute infective diarrhoea in childhood. Octreotide, a somatostatin analogue, is reported to be useful in the treatment of secretory diarrhoea due to noninfective causes and in the treatment of intractable diarrhoea associated with AIDS. Its high cost and need for parenteral administration prevent its wider application.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Pharmacoeconomics of the therapy of diarrhoeal disease. 1015 Jan 56

Proteolytic enzymes seem to play important roles in the life cycles of all medically important protozoan parasites, including the organisms that cause malaria, trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, amebiasis, toxoplasmosis, giardiasis, cryptosporidiosis and trichomoniasis. Proteases from all four major proteolytic classes are utilized by protozoans for diverse functions, including the invasion of host cells and tissues, the degradation of mediators of the immune response and the hydrolysis of host proteins for nutritional purposes. The biochemical and molecular characterization of protozoan proteases is providing tools to improve our understanding of the functions of these enzymes. In addition, studies in multiple systems suggest that inhibitors of protozoan proteases have potent antiparasitic effects. This review will discuss recent advances in the identification and characterization of protozoan proteases, in the determination of the function of these enzymes, and in the evaluation of protease inhibitors as potential antiprotozoan drugs.
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PMID:Proteases of protozoan parasites. 1021 91

The present study addresses the impact of wastewater reuse in agriculture on the transmission of protozoan and helminthic infections. For this purpose, an epidemiological study was carried out on two populations of children totalling 608 individuals for protozoan infections and 528 for helminthic infections. Each population comprised an exposed group living in the wastewater spreading area of Marrakech and a control group. Results showed that 72% of the exposed group had protozoan infections. This rate did not exceed 45% in the control group. The pathogenic protozoan infections observed were giardiasis and amoebiasis. Regarding helminthic infections, 73% of the exposed children were infected compared with 30% of the control group. The risk attributable to wastewater reuse in the transmission of pathogenic protozoan and helminthic infections was 41% and 43%, respectively. Children of the spreading area are therefore more exposed to detectable risks from parasitic helminths and protozoa than the control children.
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PMID:Health effect of wastewater reuse in agriculture. 1084 21

Secnidazole (hydroxy-2-propyl)-l-methyl-2-nitro-5-imidazole) is an antimicrobic agent. This drug has pharmacological activity against intestinal and hepatic amebiasis, giardiasis and vaginal trichomoniasis. This paper shows the physicochemical parameters of secnidazole determined during a preformulation study. The determination of the apparent partition coefficient and the profile of solubility in dependence of pH demonstrate the basic characteristic of the drug. The dissolution assay was performed to evaluate its behavior in water. For this purpose, a new spectrophotometric method, which was linear from 5 to 15 microg/ml, sensitive, precise, accurate and selective, was validated to assay the bulk drug. The evaluation of higroscopicity revealed that the drug is unstable above 54% of relative humidity. Rheological properties, such as porosity, tapped and bulk densities and percentage of compressibility were calculated. Results show a bad rheological characteristic for this drug. DSC curves do not show any physical interaction between the drug and the excipients in the compatibility studies.
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PMID:Physico-chemical and solid-state characterization of secnidazole. 1120 45


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