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Query: UMLS:C0017168 (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
 11,783 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients with refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) are those who have persistent symptoms while being treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). One third of GERD patients requiring a daily PPI are estimated to eventually experience treatment failure. These patients are usually referred for further investigation to confirm the presence of GERD or to identify other entities as the cause of symptoms. Tools that can be used in this diagnostic process include upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with analysis of esophageal biopsies, esophageal pH monitoring, impedance-pH monitoring, and esophageal bilirubin monitoring. The conventional diagnostic approach includes upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and ambulatory pH monitoring while receiving PPI therapy. New diagnostic techniques that may be useful with refractory GERD include impedance-pH monitoring, which is very sensitive in detecting persistent weakly acidic reflux, and bilirubin monitoring, which detects increased esophageal exposure to bile. Gastric pH monitoring should be reserved for patients in whom PPI resistance is suspected.
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PMID:Diagnostic options for patients with refractory GERD. 1862 40

Belching is physiological venting of excessive gastric air. Excessive and bothersome belching is a common symptom, which is often seen in patients with functional dyspepsia and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Other symptoms are usually predominant. However, a small group of patients complain of isolated excessive belching, with a frequency of several belches per minute. In these patients, the eructated air does not originate from the stomach but is sucked or injected in the esophagus from the pharynx and expelled immediately afterward in oral direction. This behavior is called supragastric belching because the air does not originate from the stomach and does not reach the stomach either. Excessive belching can be treated by speech therapy or behavior therapy. The term aerophagia should be reserved for those patients where there is evidence that they swallow air too frequently and in too large quantities. These patients have excessive amounts of intestinal gas visualized on a plain abdominal radiogram and their primary symptoms are bloating and abdominal distension and they belch only to a lesser degree. Aerophagia and excessive supragastric belching are thus two distinct disorders.
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PMID:Excessive belching and aerophagia: two different disorders. 2009 92

Malnutrition, either under- or overnutrition, is a common condition among neurologically impaired children. Energy needs are difficult to define in this heterogeneous population, and there is a lack of information on what normal growth should be in these children. Non-nutritional factors may influence growth, but nutritional factors such as insufficient caloric intake, excessive nutrient losses and abnormal energy metabolism also contribute to growth failure. Malnutrition is associated with significant morbidity, while nutritional rehabilitation improves overall health. Nutritional support should be an integral part of the management of neurologically impaired children, and should focus not only on improving nutritional status but also on improving quality of life for patients and their families. When considering nutritional intervention, oromotor dysfunction, gastroesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration must be addressed and a multidisciplinary team should be involved. Children at risk for nutrition-related problems should be identified early. An assessment of nutritional status should be performed at least yearly, and more frequently in infants and young children, or in children at risk for malnutrition. Oral intake should be optimized if safe, but enteral tube feedings should be initiated in children with oromotor dysfunction, leading to clinically significant aspiration, or in children unable to maintain an adequate nutritional status with oral intake. Nasogastric tube feeding should be used for short-term intervention, but if long-term nutritional intervention is required, a gastrostomy should be considered. Antireflux procedures should be reserved for children with significant gastroesophageal reflux. The patient's response to nutritional intervention should be carefully monitored to avoid excessive weight gain after initiation of enteral nutrition, and paediatric formulas should be used to avoid micronutrient deficiencies.
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PMID:[Not Available]. 2059 68

Malnutrition, either under- or overnutrition, is a common condition among neurologically impaired children. Energy needs are difficult to define in this heterogeneous population, and there is a lack of information on what normal growth should be in these children. Non-nutritional factors may influence growth, but nutritional factors such as insufficient caloric intake, excessive nutrient losses and abnormal energy metabolism also contribute to growth failure. Malnutrition is associated with significant morbidity, while nutritional rehabilitation improves overall health. Nutritional support should be an integral part of the management of neurologically impaired children, and should focus not only on improving nutritional status but also on improving quality of life for patients and their families. When considering nutritional intervention, oromotor dysfunction, gastroesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration must be addressed and a multidisciplinary team should be involved. Children at risk for nutrition-related problems should be identified early. An assessment of nutritional status should be performed at least yearly, and more frequently in infants and young children, or in children at risk for malnutrition. Oral intake should be optimized if safe, but enteral tube feedings should be initiated in children with oromotor dysfunction, leading to clinically significant aspiration, or in children unable to maintain an adequate nutritional status with oral intake. Nasogastric tube feeding should be used for short-term intervention, but if long-term nutritional intervention is required, a gastrostomy should be considered. Antireflux procedures should be reserved for children with significant gastroesophageal reflux. The patient's response to nutritional intervention should be carefully monitored to avoid excessive weight gain after initiation of enteral nutrition, and paediatric formulas should be used to avoid micronutrient deficiencies.
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PMID:Nutrition in neurologically impaired children. 2059 78

Two recent studies-one of which is published in this edition of the American Journal of Gastroenterology-have reported that new dyspeptic or reflux symptoms may develop among previously asymptomatic individuals after withdrawal of a short course of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI). It has been suggested that this is attributable to rebound gastric acid hypersecretion, and that the same phenomenon explains why some patients become chronic PPI users and physicians experience "difficulty" in withdrawing PPI treatment from patients. Although we congratulate the authors of both studies for their controlled observations, we question the generalizability of these observations and hypotheses to the clinical domain. PPI treatment continues to be the optimal management strategy for most patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease and is indicated for chronic use as ulcer prophylaxis in nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug takers at high risk for bleeding. However, as with all drugs, PPIs should be dosed appropriately, and should be reserved for patients with conditions for which there is clear evidence of benefit from therapy.
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PMID:Editorial: just how "difficult" is it to withdraw PPI treatment? 2130 60

Chronic esophageal exposure to reflux of gastroduodenal contents can result in complications of GERD including esophageal stricture, Barrett's oesophagus or extraesophageal symptoms such as laryngitis, chronic cough or asthma. Endoscopy is the main diagnostic tool for patients with chronic reflux presenting with dysphagia to visualise esophageal mucosa and identify the underlying pathology. Barrett's oesophagus should be suspected in those with chronic reflux disease. Patients with Barrett's oesophagus should undergo surveillance endoscopy in order to risk stratify to dysplasia or adenocarcinoma. New endoscopic ablative therapies in patients with Barrett's oesophagus and high grade dysplasia are promising new treatment modality for those who may not be candidates for definitive intervention. Given poor sensitivity of diagnostic tests in extraesophageal reflux, empiric therapy with proton pump patients is the initial recommended approach. Diagnostic testing with esophagogastroduodenoscopy and ambulatory pH and impedance monitoring is usually reserved for those unresponsive to acid suppressive therapy. Many uncertainties remain in this group of patients including which patient subgroups might benefit from acid suppressive therapy. Future outcome studies are needed to assess the role of impedance/pH monitoring in this group of patients and to determine who might symptomatically benefit from medical or surgical intervention.
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PMID:Diagnosis and initial management of gastroesophageal complications. 2112 95

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has many protean manifestations. Some of the most vexing have to do with the airway. GERD affects the tracheobronchial tree directly, leading to aspiration pneumonia and asthma, or exacerbating existing pulmonary disease, such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In addition to the respiratory manifestation of GERD, there are unique pharyngeal and laryngeal manifestations. These include voice hoarseness, throat-clearing, chronic cough, globus, and "post-nasal drip". Linking these symptoms to GERD is challenging and frequently the diagnosis is that of exclusion. Despite proton pump inhibitor therapy being the mainstay of treatment, with anti-reflux surgery being reserved for intractable cases, there is no definitive evidence of the superiority of either.
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PMID:Gastroesophageal reflux disease and the airway-essentials for the surgeon. 2116 Jul 88

Functional dyspepsia includes one or more of four cardinal symptoms: postprandial fullness, early satiety, pain or burning in the epigastrum. According to the Rome III diagnostic criteria for functional dyspepsia, these symptoms must be present for the last 3 months with symptom onset at least 6 months prior to diagnosis. Functional dyspepsia is not the result of an underlying structural abnormality, but rather the consequence of multiple pathophysiological mechanisms such as abnormal gastric motility, gastric and duodenal hypersensitivity to acid, Helicobacter pylori infection. Dyspeptic patients over 50 or those with alarm symptoms should be investigated to detect any structural abnormality such as cancer, peptic ulcer or esophagitis. After structural abnormalities and gastroesophageal reflux disease are excluded the management of functional dyspepsia consists of either a test and treat approach (non invasive detection of Helicobacter pylori infection followed by eradication therapy) or empirical therapy. Although endoscopy was traditionally reserved for those patients without symptom relief after 6-8 weeks of therapy, the significant percentage of patients with functional dyspepsia with symptom breakthrough or relapse after antisecretory or prokinetic therapy discontinuation makes an initial endoscopic study a logical choice. Therapy with proton pump inhibitors yields results especially in those patients with regurgitation and epigastric burning sensation, while prokinetic agents with no extrapyramidal side effects (such as Domperidone and Itopride) alleviate satiation, bloating and nausea by accelerating gastric emptying. Second-line drugs with encouraging results in clinical trials which can be used in functional dyspepsia are low-dose tricyclic antidepressants as well as selective serotonine reuptake inhibitors.
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PMID:Functional dyspepsia: a pragmatic approach. 2118 Feb 36

The role of esophageal pH (or impedance) monitoring in diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has evolved over the years. In the era of empiric therapy with potent acid-suppressive agents such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), esophageal reflux monitoring is often reserved for patients with PPI-refractory symptoms (1, 2). Given the complexity of patient presentations, technological advancement, and emerging data in the field of GERD, two essential questions need to be addressed: (i) What are the indications for esophageal pH testing in patients suspected to have GERD? (ii) If patients do not respond to aggressive acid suppression, what is the likelihood that they still have reflux; and should the testing be performed at baseline (i.e., off therapy), or is it more important to know whether there is continued reflux despite therapy (i.e., on therapy)?
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PMID:Reflux monitoring: on or off therapy? 2181 Dec 80

Barrett's esophageal (BE) metaplasia is a premalignant condition of the distal esophagus that develops as a consequence of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The progression to carcinogenesis results from progressive dysplastic changes of the metaplastic epithelium through low-grade and then high-grade dysplasia (HGD) to eventually adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. The management of HGD is controversial with proponents for each of the three major management strategies: endoscopic surveillance, endoscopic ablative therapies, and esophagectomy. The aim of the study was to define and discuss the various management strategies of HGD arising from BE metaplasia. There is a paucity of randomized controlled data from which to draw definitive conclusions. All strategies for the management of HGD are reasonable options and are complimentary. BE with HGD is a malignant lesion. A multidisciplinary approach individualizing therapy should be undertaken when possible. Esophageal resection should be reserved for otherwise healthy patients. Endoscopic techniques are viable alternatives to surgery.
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PMID:An analysis of esophagectomy and other techniques in the management of high-grade dysplasia of Barrett's esophagus. 2151 2


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