Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017168 (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
 11,783 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Respiratory function undergoes sleep-associated changes which in normal subjects leave it unaffected. However in some cases they may be more marked than usual or may be superimposed on a pre-existing disease, thus giving rise to sleep-related ventilation disorders. These include obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), nocturnal desaturation events of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and restrictive syndromes, as well as nocturnal asthmatic attacks. OSAS is a condition characterized by the frequent recurrence of interruptions of oronasal flow (greater than 10 s.) due to upper airway occlusion induced by a reduction in pharyngeal muscle tone. This phenomenon, particularly prominent in REM sleep, results in oxyhemoglobin desaturation and marked cardiovascular consequences (arrhythmias, increases in pulmonary and systemic arterial pressure), as well as symptoms (loud intermittent snoring, daytime sleepiness, intellectual deterioration etc.). Obesity is often associated with OSAS or may lead to a sleep-related hypoventilation syndrome. Treatment is based on weight loss, surgery of upper airway abnormalities, if present, and on splinting of the upper airway by the application of nasal continuous positive airway pressure. In COPD and restrictive disorders, nocturnal hypoxemia is mainly due to REM-associated loss of respiratory muscle tone, as well as in the sleep-related exaggeration of functional defects due to COPD (low chemoreceptor sensitivity, high closing volume etc.). Treatment is based on oxygen administration, provided that possible side-effects are carefully monitored. Nocturnal asthma is due to circadian changes in hormonal secretion (catecholamines, cortisol), as well as supine posture, reduced muco-ciliary clearance, gastro-esophageal reflux etc. Sleep itself plays some role through a depressed arousal reaction in slow wave sleep, resulting in more marked and prolonged attacks in this stage. Slow-release theophylline or beta-mimetic medications, as well as new chromones and antimuscarinic drugs are therapeutic alternatives.
 ...
PMID:Cardio-respiratory function during sleep. 174 49

A dopamine receptor antagonist, metoclopramide has unique properties of increasing lower esophageal sphincter pressure and increasing the rate of gastric emptying. These gastrointestinal motility actions are useful in the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis and severe gastroesophageal reflux and in postoperative situations involving visceral atony. Metoclopramide is a useful adjunctive drug for intestinal intubation and radiologic examination. It has also been used intravenously to control the nausea and vomiting of intensive cancer chemotherapy, such as with cisplatin. Metoclopramide is a powerful antiemetic because of its combined actions on the chemoreceptor trigger zone and intestinal motility. This agent is generally not intended for long-term use. The oral preparations are recommended for four to 12 weeks of therapy. Use of parenteral metoclopramide should be limited to one or two days. The most common adverse reactions are restlessness, drowsiness, fatigue and lassitude. Extrapyramidal symptoms occur rarely and only with high dosage or prolonged use.
 ...
PMID:Metoclopramide: a dopamine receptor antagonist. 240 79

Secondary amenorrhea, elicited by metoclopamide (PrimperanR) induced hyperprolactinemia, was found in a 24-year-old woman. Withdrawal of the drug was followed by normalization of the hyperprolactinemia, as well as the menses. For many years metoclopamide (PrimperanR) has been used for various dyspeptic inconveniences, such as gastro-esophageal reflux, ventricular rentention and postoperative tarm-atom. Well-known secondary effects are reported to be drowsiness, uneasiness, restlessness and extra-pyramidal secondary effects in the form of acute dystom. The present case of secondary amenorrhea caused by metoclopamide (PrimperanR) induced hyperprolactinemia has been verified clinically, serologically and by treatment.
 ...
PMID:Hyperprolactinemic amenorrhea induced by metoclopamide (PrimperanR). 727 Jan 6

Previously, we reported the effectiveness of treatment with oxatomide (O), an antihistamine, plus dextromethorphan (D), and that of Bakumondo-to (B), an herbal drug that inhibits the activation of C-fibers, in patients with persistent coughing after upper-airway infection. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy and side effects of combination therapy (O + D + B) in patients with postinfectious persistent cough. Patients who had been coughing for more than three weeks and had a history of upper-airway infection took part in the study. None had any history of nasal disease, gastroesophageal reflux, bronchial asthma, or other chronic pulmonary disease. All patients were non-smokers, and none used angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. All had normal chest roentgenograms and normal pulmonary function. The following hematological data were obtained before treatment: peripheral eosinophil counts. CRP levels, serum IgE concentrations, and titers of cold agglutinins and antibodies to Mycoplasma pneumoniae. The effects of one week of treatment with O + D + B on the severity of coughing, as estimated with a cough diary, were examined. Thirty-six patients entered the study, but only 18 with normal hematological findings who satisfied the study criteria were eligible for efficacy and side-effect analyses. Cough scores decreased significantly from 5.1 +/- 2.4 (range, 2-9) to 1.2 +/- 1.9 (range, 0-6), and the rate of cough disappearance was 50%. Two patients reported slight drowsiness. Therapy with O + D + B reduced perception of coughing as estimated with a cough diary. These results suggest that this therapy (O + D + B) may be useful in patients with postinfectious persistent cough.
 ...
PMID:[A pilot phase II study of combination therapy with oxatomide, an antihistamine, plus dextromethoraphan and bakumondo-to, an herbal drug, in patients with postinfectious persistent cough]. 969 46

Cough is an important defensive reflex of the upper airway and is also a very common symptom of respiratory disease. Cough following an upper respiratory viral infection is transient, and persistent cough is associated with a whole range of conditions, such as asthma, rhino-sinusitis and gastro-oesophageal reflux. Treatment directed at these conditions may improve the associated cough. There is often a need, however, to control cough itself whatever the cause. The most effective drugs in this class are the opioids, such as morphine, codeine or pholcodeine, but at effective doses they have side effects including drowsiness, nausea, constipation and physical dependence. Investigations into the cough reflex and into the potential mechanisms of sensitised cough reflex have uncovered several potential targets for novel drugs. New opioids apart from mu-agonists such as kappa- and delta -receptor agonists, have been developed, in addition to non-opioids such as nociceptin. Neurokinin receptor antagonists, bradykinin receptor antagonists, vanniloid receptor VR-1 antagonists may be beneficial by blocking effects of tachykinins and sensory nerve activation. Local anaesthetics, blockers of sodium-dependent channels and maxi-K Ca2+-dependent channel activators of afferent nerves are inhibitors of the cough reflex. Some of these novel agents may act centrally or peripherally or at both sites as antitussives. Large scale trials of these novel compounds have not been carried out in cough in man but there is a serious need for more effective antitussives devoid of side effects.
 ...
PMID:Cough: potential pharmacological developments. 1208 6

Cough is an important defensive reflex of the upper airway and is also a very common symptom of respiratory disease. Cough after an upper respiratory virus infection is transient, and persistent cough is associated with a whole range of conditions such as asthma, rhino-sinusitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux. Treatment directed at these conditions may improve the associated cough. There is often a need, however, to control cough itself, whatever the cause. The most effective drugs in this class are the opioids, such as morphine, codeine or pholcodeine, but at effective doses they have side-effects such as drowsiness, nausea, constipation and physical dependence. Investigations into the cough reflex and into the potential mechanisms of sensitised cough reflex have uncovered several potential targets for novel drugs. New opioids such as k- and d-receptor agonists apart from m-agonists have been developed, in addition to non-opioid, nociceptin. Neurokinin receptor antagonists, bradykinin receptor antagonists, vanilloid receptor VR-1 antagonists may be beneficial by blocking effects of tachykinins, and sensory nerve activation. Local anaesthetics, blockers of sodium-dependent channels, and maxi-K CA2+-dependent channel activators of afferent nerves are inhibitors of the cough reflex. Some of these novel agents may act centrally or peripherally or at both sites as antitussives. Large scale trials of these novel compounds have not been tried in cough in man, but there is a serious need for more effective antitussives devoid of side-effects.
 ...
PMID:Therapy for cough: active agents. 1209 88

Possibly the most important outcomes of bariatric surgery involve changes in obesity-related illness, quality of life (QOL), and psychologic well-being. Dramatic improvement or resolution of serious medical comorbidity accompanies the weight loss following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding with the LAP-BAND (INAMED Health, Santa Barbara, CA). There are major improvements in the conditions of the metabolic syndrome, which is characterized by impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. Improvement in insulin sensitivity and pancreatic beta-cell function associated with weight loss induces remission in the majority of type 2 diabetics and reduces the risk of others developing type 2 diabetes. Improvement in dyslipidemia is characterized by raised high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower triglyceride concentrations. Together with lower blood pressure, these changes provide a substantial reduction in cardiovascular risk. Other medical conditions caused or aggravated by obesity are also significantly improved, including sleep apnea, daytime sleepiness, asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux. Weight loss is associated with improved fertility and more favorable pregnancy outcomes. All aspects of QOL improve substantially, especially physical disability, and post-weight-loss QOL measures approximate those of the general population. There are also major improvements in body image and reduction in depressive illness. These changes provide perhaps the most compelling data regarding the value of LAP-BAND surgery and underlie the great satisfaction experienced by patients.
 ...
PMID:Changes in comorbidities and improvements in quality of life after LAP-BAND placement. 1252 52

Cough is an important defensive reflex of the airway and a common symptom of respiratory disease. After an upper respiratory tract virus infection, cough is transient, but is more persistent with conditions such as asthma, rhinosinusitis, gastroesophageal reflux, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Treatment directed at these conditions may improve cough, but there remains a need to control cough directly. The most effective antitussives are opioids, such as morphine, codeine or pholcodeine, but they produce side effects including drowsiness, nausea, constipation and physical dependence. Opioids such as k- and d-opioid receptor agonists, non-opioids such as nociceptin, neurokinin and bradykinin receptor antagonists, vanilloid receptor VR(1) antagonists, blockers of sodium-dependent channels, and maxi-K calcium-dependent channel activators of afferent nerves may all represent novel antitussives and this needs to be confirmed in clinical trials.
 ...
PMID:Current and future prospects for drugs to suppress cough. 1291 74

OBJECTIVE: To describe a case of movement disorder associated with cisapride use. METHOD: Case report.RESULTS: This is the case of a male eight months old child who began to use cisapride, 0,2 mg/kg tid to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease. One month after beginning with the drug, he started to present repetitive movements of the hands characterized by opening and closing hands with flexion and extension of the wrists. According to the mother, these movements became more evident as the dose of the medication was increased, and, thereafter, started to happen also on the feet. When the child was six months old, time of the first neurological evaluation, he presented normal neurological development, except for the Parachute reflex, which was absent. After excluding metabolic, toxic and infectious diseases, the drug was withdrew. The child evolution was benign, with gradual disappearance of the movements, and he was completely normal 30 days after.CONCLUSIONS: The authors stress the need suspending the use of cisapride in any case of neurologic symptoms as seizures, somnolence, malaise or involuntary movements in previously normal patients.
 ...
PMID:[Cisapride related movement disorders] 1468 4

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) occurs commonly in the U.S. population and is seen in both obese as well as non-obese individuals. OSA is a disease characterized by periodic upper airway collapse during sleep, which then results in either apnea, hypopnea, or both. The disorder leads to a variety of medical complications. Neuropsychiatric complications include daytime somnolence, cognitive dysfunction, and depression. Increased incidence of motor vehicle accidents has been documented in these patients and probably reflects disordered reflex mechanisms or excessive somnolence. More importantly, vascular disorders such as hypertension, stroke, congestive cardiac failure, arrhythmias, and atherosclerosis occur frequently in these patients. The lungs may be affected by pulmonary hypertension and worsening of asthma. Recent data from several laboratories demonstrate that obstructive sleep apnea is characterized by an inflammatory response. Cytokines are elaborated during the hypoxemic episodes leading to inflammatory responses as marked clinically by elevated C-reactive protein (CRP). As elevated CRP levels are considered markers of the acute phase response and characterize progression of vascular injury in coronary artery disease, it is likely that obstructive sleep apnea could lead to worsening of vasculopathy. Moreover, as inflammatory mechanisms regulate bronchial asthma, it is also likely that cytokines and superoxide radicals generated during hypoxemic episodes could exacerbate reactive airway disease. Patients with Cough, Obstructive sleep apnea, Rhinosinusitis, and Esophageal reflux clustered together can be categorized by the acronym, "CORE", syndrome. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the inflammatory responses that occur in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and relate them to the occurrence of cardiopulmonary disease.
 ...
PMID:Obstructive sleep apnea, inflammation, and cardiopulmonary disease. 1535 23


1 2 3 Next >>