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Query: UMLS:C0017168 (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
 11,783 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Primary endocrine neoplasms of the biliary tract are exceedingly rare. We report on a 60-year-old man with diarrhea, vomiting and gastroesophageal reflux disease, with a primary gastrinoma of the common hepatic duct. The tumor was positive for a variety of immunohistochemical markers. Postoperatively the patient's symptoms disappeared and in the follow-up the patient was symptom free. To our knowledge, this is the first case in the literature of a primary gastrinoma in the common hepatic duct. The fact that the common hepatic duct is not located within the gastrinoma triangle made the diagnosis difficult and the distinct localization made the surgical treatment demanding.
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PMID:Study of a primary gastrinoma in the common hepatic duct - a case report. 1009 61

Adenocarcinomas at the gastroesophageal junction appear to arise from foci of intestinal metaplasia that develop either in the distal esophagus or the proximal stomach (the gastric cardia). Metaplasia is usually a consequence of chronic inflammation, and it is logical to assume that intestinal metaplasia at the gastroesophageal junction develops as a result of chronic inflammation in the epithelia that normally line the junction region. Intestinal metaplasia in the esophagus is known to be a sequela of chronic inflammation in squamous epithelium caused by gastroesophageal reflux disease, whereas intestinal metaplasia in the distal stomach is often a consequence of chronic gastritis caused by Helicobacter pylori infection. For the gastric cardia, the contributions of gastroesophageal reflux disease, H. pylori infection, and other factors to inflammation, metaplasia, and neoplasia are not clear. If physicians are to develop meaningful preventive strategies and specific therapies for tumors of the proximal stomach, a clear understanding of pathogenesis is important. Recent studies on pathogenetic factors for inflammation in cardiac epithelium (gastric carditis) have yielded contradictory results, perhaps because of fundamental differences in the techniques used by different investigators for identifying and sampling the gastric cardia. This report explores the roots of the controversy regarding the role of gastric carditis in the development of metaplasia and neoplasia at the gastroesophageal junction and suggests practical guidelines for biopsy protocols to be used in future studies that will be necessary to resolve these disputes.
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PMID:The role of gastric carditis in metaplasia and neoplasia at the gastroesophageal junction. 1038 31

The survival of young patients (< or = 50 years of age) with carcinoma of the oesophagus or stomach has been reported to be poorer than that of their older counterparts. The aim of the current study was to review the outcome of such young patients with oesophagogastric cancer and to compare the outcome in patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus/cardia with patients with carcinoma of the more distal stomach. The study population was 50 patients. Tumour location was oesophagus/cardia (n = 33) and gastric body/antrum (n = 17). The most common presenting symptoms were weight loss (66%), epigastric pain (54%), dysphagia (50%), and heartburn (40%). Seventeen patients had experienced foregut symptoms for a period of > or = 6 months. These patients were more likely to have symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and to have received acid suppression therapy than patients with shorter symptom durations. Only 20 patients underwent a potentially curative resection, while 10 underwent open and close laparotomy. The overall median survival was 7 months and the 5-year survival was 8%. Multivariate analysis revealed that surgical resection and UICC stage were the only factors that significantly influenced survival. There was no difference in the survival of patients with proximally situated tumours compared to those with distally located tumours. Wide variations in clinical practice were seen between different surgeons. Consequently, a multidisciplinary team designed to manage all patients with oesophagogastric cancer according to nationally agreed protocols has been established in our hospital. Earlier diagnosis of these tumours is to be encouraged, even if this necessitates the more liberal use of endoscopy in the evaluation of young patients with persistent foregut symptoms.
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PMID:Outcome of oesophagogastric carcinoma in young patients. 1039 82

Barrett's metaplasia develops in 6% to 14% of individuals with gastroesophageal reflux. Barrett's adenocarcinomas are increasing in epidemic proportions for, as yet unknown, reasons; approximately 0.5% to 1% of patients with Barrett's metaplasia develop adenocarcinoma. Heartburn duration and frequency (but not severity), male gender, and white race are major risk factors for developing cancer. Obesity and smoking are weak risk factors. Survival is determined by depth of tumor invasion (stage). Once invasion of the muscularis propria occurs, most patients have developed widespread metastasis, even when clinical staging studies are negative. No currently available therapy results in prolonged survival once metastases develop. Thus, the more widespread use of effective surveillance strategies is the only currently available means for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with Barrett's adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Barrett's esophagus. Reducing the risk of progression to adenocarcinoma. 1069 10

Palliation of advanced esophageal cancer continues to be a challenge to clinicians. Self expanding metal stents have been used in the esophagus for palliation of advanced esophageal cancer since 1983. They are relatively easy to insert by practicing endoscopists and have low rates of early complications. Delayed complications necessitating reintervention can arise in as many as a third of patients. The majority of stents are placed under sedation using endoscopy and fluoroscopy. Once deployed, they expand in the esophagus causing pressure necrosis on the wall of the esophagus. Several stents are available on the market with newer designs continuing to emerge. Choice of stent seems random among clinicians. Stents have been used for the management of esophageal obstruction including cervical esophageal obstruction and obstruction at the esophagogastric junction, tracheopulmonary fistulae, and mediastinal esophageal compression. Complications include chest pain, deployment and expansion problems, stent migration, tumor overgrowth and ingrowth, gastroesophageal reflux, and stent-related hemorrhage. Despite their high cost, stenting produce better palliation and some cost savings in comparison to conventional methods of palliation. Combination therapy using stenting followed by chemo/radio therapy may increase quality survival.
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PMID:Self-expanding metallic stents in the management of advanced esophageal cancer: a review. 1073 13

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is the condition that results when gastric material that refluxes into the esophagus or oropharynx causes symptoms, tissue injury, or both. Endoscopic examination usually is not required merely to establish a diagnosis of GERD, but endoscopy is the best diagnostic test for Barrett's esophagus, a sequela of GERD that predisposes to esophageal adenocarcinoma. Patients found to have Barrett's esophagus will require regular endoscopic surveillance for early, curable neoplasia. Esophageal pH monitoring is useful for patients who have symptoms or signs suggestive of GERD, but who have little or no response to antisecretory therapy. For patients who have severe, ulcerative reflux esophagitis, the clinician has only two reasonable therapeutic options: (1) lifelong antisecretory therapy with proton pump inhibitors or (2) antireflux surgery. There are no absolute indications for antireflux surgery, but the operation can be considered for patients with severe GERD who are unwilling to accept lifelong medical therapy or for young patients whose GERD symptoms respond only to proton pump inhibitors administered in high dosages.
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PMID:GERD and its complications. 1074 65

Many gastroenterologists are of the opinion that endoscopic diagnosis of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) suffices and that additional biopsies are not necessary. The data obtained from 1068 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed Barrett's oesophagus were analysed retrospectively. In 37.9% of the patients, the histological diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus was an incidental finding, whereas 32.7% of Barrett's carcinomas were diagnosed only at histology but not during endoscopy. Of the Patients with dysplasia, 92.4% were diagnosed only by the pathologist. Our analysis shows that an endoscopic diagnosis suspicious for Barrett's mucosa is made in 62.1% of the cases, carcinoma in 70%, and dysplasia in only 7.6% of the cases. Also, because neoplasia is detected for the most part at the invasive carcinoma state, but not in the dysplasia stage, the diagnosis of Barrett's oesophagus, with and without dysplasia, needs to be improved by additional biopsies for histopathological investigation.
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PMID:Barrett's mucosa, Barrett's dysplasia and Barrett's carcinoma: diagnostic endoscopy without biopsy-taking does not suffice. 1100 27

The incidence of esophageal tumors, and of adenocarcinoma in particular, has risen markedly in recent years in the developed countries. The use of a variety of histopathological and biological markers is now offering promising prospects for the future. Vertical tumor invasion, intratumoral microvessel density, antimucin monoclonal antibodies, flow cytometry, telomerase activity, and overexpression of cyclin D1 have been correlated with the staging and prognosis of esophageal carcinomas. By combining these markers with Lugol staining, a practical new method of staging esophageal tumors may become available in the coming years. As is well known, Barrett's mucosa is a preneoplastic condition. Discussions in the literature concerning short forms of Barrett's esophagus and their relationship to inflammation of the gastric cardia appear to describe two different scenarios--a gastroesophageal reflux condition for short forms of Barrett's esophagus, and an inflammatory phenomenon (perhaps unrelated to Helicobacter pylori infection) for inflammation of the gastric cardia. Cost-benefit studies of follow-up procedures in Barrett's esophagus have yet to be conducted, and considerable efforts--mainly using biological markers--are being made to identify those patients who are at greatest risk. Although the frequency of gastric tumors has declined in recent years, many as yet unclear aspects of these tumors have been studied. Technological progress has not led to substantial changes in the diagnostic procedures used, although autofluorescence methods and three-dimensional reconstruction have been analyzed. Laparoscopy, preferably combined with the use of ultrasound probes, may be a valuable tool for staging. The suggestion that endoscopy should be avoided in young patients (the "treat but do not scope" approach) has been seriously questioned, as it may lead to early cancer being overlooked. There is thought to be an intermediate stage of gastric cancer (between the early and advanced stages) in which the muscularis propria, but not the serosa, is invaded. Endoscopic ultrasonography is becoming increasingly established as a basic tool for the staging of gastric cancer. Gastric MALT lymphoma can be cured by H. pylori eradication therapy in many cases, but there is still uncertainty regarding the limitations of this approach.
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PMID:Diagnosis of esophagogastric tumors. 1120 80

Usual gastroesophageal reflux (GER) presentations are heartburn and acid regurgitation. The prevalence in occidental population ranges from 5 to 45% according to symptoms frequency. Oesophagitis is observed in 30 to 50% of examined patients and only erosive and ulcerative lesions must be considered. Distinction is made between non-severe oesophagitis (isolated loss of substance), severe oesophagitis (circonferential loss of substance) and complicated oesophagitis (stenosis, ulcerations, brachyoesophagus). 24-hour pH-monitoring analyses reflux duration and relations between symptoms and reflux specially in unusual extraoesophageal presentations. Symptoms and quality of life are the main criteria for staging. In few patients, oesophagitis is severe. Complications (stenosis, ulcerations, bleeding, endobrachyoesophagus) are observed in 10 to 15% of cases. Endobrachyoesophagus with intestinal metaplasia is a risk for neoplasia. The consensus conference proposes this initial therapeutic strategy. In cases of time-spaced symptoms: antiacids, alginic acid or low doses of anti-H2 with life style changes. In cases of typical frequent symptoms, in patients younger than 50 years: 4-weeks treatment with half dosed proton pump inhibitors (PPI) or standard doses of anti-H2 or prokinetics. Nowadays, the majority of the experts propose empiric full-dose treatment. This attitude is more logical as total symptoms suppression with full dose PPI brings positive clues for exact GOR diagnostic without endoscopy. In patients older than 50 years or with alarming symptoms (weight loss, dysplagia, bleeding, anemia): endoscopy must be performed. Patients with non severe oesophagitis: PPI without checking endoscopy. In patients with severe or complicated oesophagitis: 8-weeks treatment following by endoscopy; in non relieved patients: doses are increased. In cases of extraoesophageal presentations: standard PPI treatment during 4 to 8 weeks if GER is well established. In long term strategy, if recidives are rare: intermittent treatment. In early and frequent recidives: long term adapted PPI or surgery. Stenosis are treated by PPI, pneumatic dilatation or surgery if unsuccessful. Brachyoesophagus must be checked by endoscopy every 2 years (malignancy risk).
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PMID:[Diagnosis and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in the adult: guidelines recommended by French and Belgian consensus]. 1125 2

Apart from gastroesophageal reflux disease, achalasia, non-cardiac chest pain and functional dysphagia are the most important manifestations of disturbed esophageal motility. Achalasia is characterized by esophageal aperistalsis and impaired deglutitive relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter. The morphological correlate is a degeneration of nitrergic neurons in the myenteric plexus. Diagnosis is based on barium esophagram or esophageal manometry with the latter setting the gold standard. Endoscopic exclusion of a tumor at the gastroesophageal junction is mandatory. Appropriate therapeutic interventions are pneumatic dilatation or (laparoscopic myotomy) of lower esophageal sphincter. In patients unfit for these procedures endoscopic injection of botulinum toxin into the lower esophageal sphincter is appropriate. Non-cardiac chest pain may be of esophageal origin. Gastroesophageal reflux, spastic motility disorders and visceral hypersensitivity are arguable underlying mechanisms. The most important diagnostic procedure is 24 h esophageal pH metry correlating symptoms and reflux episodes. Proton pump inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants serving as visceral analgesics are appropriate therapeutic approaches. Functional dysphagia defines the sensation of impaired passage without mechanical obstruction or a neuromuscular disease with known pathology, e.g. scleroderma. Impaired transit is proven by esophageal scintigraphy or radiogram both using solid boluses. Manometry assesses the underlying mechanisms.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and treatment of esophageal motility disorders]. 1130 49


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