Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In 1972, the 27-nm Norwalk virus associated with epidemic viral gastroenteritis in older children and adults was discovered, and in 1973, the detection of the 70-nm human rotavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children followed. They are responsible for 35-50% of severe diarrhea in children under 2. In a Bangladesh study, rotaviruses were the most frequent pathogens in children under 2 with diarrheal illnesses. 4 epidemiologically important human rotavirus serotypes have been identified. After inoculation in utero with bovine rotavirus (NCDV), calves were protected against disease following challenge at birth with human rotavirus type 1. The human rotavirus vaccine, RIT 4237, is derived from the cold-adapted bovine rotavirus NCDV (Lincoln) strain. A single oral dose of the vaccine provided a protection rate of 88% against rotavirus diarrhea in 178 Finnish infants 8-11 months of age. An 82% protection rate was observed in 331 Finnish infants 6-12 months of age following 2 oral doses. The rhesus rotavirus strain MMU 18006 as a candidate rotavirus vaccine was safe and antigenic after oral administration in adult volunteers, children, and infants. The rhesus rotavirus vaccine induced significant febrile reactions in 64% and watery stools in 20% of 608 month old Finnish infants; and it was more antigenic than the RIT 4237 vaccine. Neither adult volunteers became ill during recent phase 1 trials in Baltimore with 2 rotaviruses: the D (human rotavirus serotype 1) x RRV (rhesus rotavirus) reassortant. Similar studies were carried out with a DS-1 x RRV reassortant in 2 volunteers with high levels of prechallenge plaque-reduction neutralization (PRN) antibody to this reassortant. Neither volunteer became ill. Later 14 volunteers with little prechallenge PRN serum antibody to this reassortant were given the reassortant; none developed diarrheal illness. Each of the 4 rotavirus serotypes has been isolated from newborns with asymptomatic infections 1 strain recovered from asymptomatic neonates within the first 14 days of life induced significant protection against serious rotavirus disease for up to 3 years. Attenuation of virulent human rotavirus strain might also be achieved by cold adaptation.
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PMID:Prospects for development of a rotavirus vaccine against rotavirus diarrhea in infants and young children. 254 76

A randomized, double-blind trial was performed to assess serological response and clinical protection for acute gastroenteritis due to rotavirus in 103 children aged 6 to 18 months, after a single dose of RIT 4237 live attenuated bovine rotavirus vaccine or placebo. Seroconversion, determined by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA), was significantly greater in initially seronegative vaccines compared with control group (p less than 0.0001); clinical protection rate was low in this study group and it is therefore concluded that seroconversion by itself is not sufficient to measure vaccine efficacy.
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PMID:[Oral vaccination with live attenuated rotavirus]. 284 32

We vaccinated 244 newborn infants orally with RIT 4237 bovine rotavirus vaccine or placebo and followed them serologically and clinically for 16 months. Initially 39 of the 119 (33%) vaccine recipients compared with 1 of the 120 placebo recipients seroconverted by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-immunoglobulin M. After the first winter rotavirus season, at 7 months of age 55% of the vaccinated infants and 37% of the unvaccinated infants were rotavirus-seropositive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-immunoglobulin G (P less than 0.01, chi square test). At 12 months of age, after a low rotavirus prevalence season, 34% of the vaccinated children and 23% of the unvaccinated children remained seropositive. There were 14 confirmed episodes of rotavirus gastroenteritis in the vaccine group and 10 episodes in the placebo group during the first 16 months. However, only 1 of the episodes in the vaccine group was severe, 4 were moderately severe and 9 were mild, whereas 7 episodes in the placebo group were severe and 3 were moderately severe (P less than 0.001 between groups, Fisher's exact test). There was no clear correlation between vaccine-induced clinical protection and initial serologic response (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-immunoglobulin M) to vaccination, but during follow-up severe rotavirus gastroenteritis was more likely to occur in children with no serum rotavirus immunoglobulin G antibody at the time of infection. We conclude at the present stage that neonatal rotavirus vaccination with RIT 4237 vaccine gives no protection against rotavirus infection but appears to modify the severity of gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Neonatal rotavirus vaccination with RIT 4237 bovine rotavirus vaccine: a preliminary report. 303 74

Oral rotavirus vaccines, including bovine rotavirus strains RIT 4237 and RIT 4256, rhesus rotavirus (RRV) vaccine, rhesus-human rotavirus vaccine reassortants (D x RRV, DS-1 x RRV, and tetravalent RRV), and human nursery rotavirus strain M37, have been evaluated in 5353 Finnish infants for safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy against rotavirus gastroenteritis. Bovine rotavirus vaccines were nonreactogenic in infants, whereas RRV-based and M37 vaccines were occasionally associated with febrile reactions 2-5 days after vaccination. All vaccines showed dose-dependent immunogenicity. Vaccine efficacy correlated with overall immunogenicity but not with the vaccine virus G serotype. For each vaccine, protective efficacy was better against severe rotavirus disease than against any rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis. Maximal protective efficacy against any rotavirus gastroenteritis in subjects with demonstrable vaccine immunogenicity was approximately 75%. To achieve similar protection in all vaccinees, efforts should be focused on enhancing the immunogenicity of oral rotavirus vaccines.
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PMID:Review of rotavirus vaccine trials in Finland. 875 95

Live oral rotavirus vaccine strain RIT 4237, derived from group A bovine rotavirus NCDV, was given to human volunteers in Tampere, Finland in 1982. Efficacy studies of this vaccine in 6-12 month-old children gave results characteristic of the performance of oral rotavirus vaccines in general: 58% protective efficacy against any rotavirus gastroenteritis and 82% against "clinically significant" gastroenteritis. Four trials of RIT 4237 bovine rotavirus vaccine, one trial of group A RRV-1 rhesus rotavirus vaccine, and one trial of rhesus-human reassortant rotavirus vaccines D x RRV and DS1 x RRV were carried out between 1983-1989. A meta-analysis of the protective efficacy of these vaccines indicated a 67% (95% C.I. 55-77%) efficacy against moderately severe rotavirus disease and an 81% (95% C.I. 60-91%) efficacy against severe rotavirus disease. There was no apparent difference between bovine and rhesus-based rotavirus vaccines in the protective efficacy against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis. Problems associated with the use of any oral rotavirus vaccine include acid lability of the vaccine virus, which requires buffering, and a slight but significant interference of oral poliovirus vaccine with the uptake of rotavirus vaccine. In the near future, oral heterologous rotavirus vaccines may be available for prevention of severe rotavirus gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Trials of oral bovine and rhesus rotavirus vaccines in Finland: a historical account and present status. 901 14

Rotavirus is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and children worldwide. Efforts to develop a vaccine have concentrated on live oral vaccines, especially with attenuated animal viruses. Because studies with rhesus monkey rotavirus and bovine rotavirus RIT 4237 or WC3 were inconsistent, reassortant rhesus and bovine vaccines have been developed that include the gene encoding the neutralising protein, VP7, of several human strains. These efforts culminated in the licensure of a tetravalent rhesus rotavirus vaccine, in 1998. Subsequent reports linking vaccination to intussusception, however, led to withdrawal of this vaccine. Trials, nevertheless, continue with an oral bovine reassortant vaccine and an attenuated human strain, 89-12. Other strategies in preclinical development include the use of virus-like particles, DNA vaccines and subunit vaccines given by mucosal and nonmucosal routes.
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PMID:Rotavirus vaccine: current status and future prospects. 1803 73