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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Catalase-negative or weakly positive (CNW) thermotolerant campylobacteria, first isolated from dogs in 1983, were recently recognized as a new species, "Campylobacter upsaliensis," but their association with human illness has not been established. Twelve human isolates received at the Centers for Disease Control between 1980 and 1986 were identified as CNW campylobacteria by biochemical tests, cellular fatty acid composition, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. Eleven CNW Campylobacter strains tested by DNA-DNA hybridization (hydroxyapatite method) were all highly related and were related to two "C. upsaliensis" strains at the species level (86% under optimal conditions and 76% under stringent conditions). Clinical information was obtained for 11 human isolates from three stool and eight blood specimens. They were isolated from four female and seven male patients 6.5 months to 83 years of age residing in 10 different states. The patients had a wide spectrum of illnesses. The stool isolates were obtained from two previously healthy persons during episodes of acute gastroenteritis and from one immunocompromised patient with persistent diarrhea and fever. The blood isolates were obtained from two infants with fever and respiratory symptoms; a young woman with a ruptured ectopic pregnancy; three elderly men with underlying chronic diseases; and two immunocompromised adults. In a bactericidal assay to assess sensitivity to serum, seven of eight blood isolates showed some resistance to killing by pooled normal human serum. These observations suggest that "C. upsaliensis" is a potential human pathogen associated with both gastroenteritis and bacteremia in normal hosts and with opportunistic infection in immunocompromised individuals.
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PMID:Human disease associated with "Campylobacter upsaliensis" (catalase-negative or weakly positive Campylobacter species) in the United States. 291 38

Enteric adenoviruses (EAds) (candidate adenoviruses 40 and 41, subgroups F and G) have been implicated in the etiology of gastroenteritis in infants, but their clinical significance has been unclear because a rapid test to distinguish these agents from other adenovirus (Ad) types has not been available. We developed a dot-blot hybridization assay for EAd DNA using a cloned DNA fragment that has little homology to non-EAd DNAs. The dot-blot system detected less than 20 pg of EAd DNA, while showing minimal cross hybridization to representative strains from all other Ad groups. There was no detectable hybridization to extracts of samples known to contain other enteric viruses. It was further shown that low levels of EAds in specimens could be amplified by culturing for 1 day in 293 cells. Stool samples and tissue culture lysates prescreened by electron microscopy, cell culture or ELISA were tested in a blind fashion. Using endonuclease analysis as the standard for typing the isolates, we found the dot-blot system to have a 91% sensitivity and 71% specificity for detecting EAds and distinguishing them from other Ads. False-positive and equivocal dot-blot results appeared to be caused by other Ads.
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PMID:Detection of enteric adenoviruses by dot-blot hybridization using a molecularly cloned viral DNA probe. 298 18

From 100 cases of gastroenteritis among children caused by adenovirus infection in Ontario, 33 virus isolates were divided into three categories according to their biological behavior in tissue cultures. So far, the results of neutralization tests, structural protein analysis, and DNA restriction patterns showed that the virus of category 1 was similar to adenovirus type 40. However, the adenovirus of category 2 was a distinct adenovirus which shared some similarities with adenovirus type 5. Viruses of category 3 are still under investigation.
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PMID:Studies on fastidious adenoviruses in Ontario: a distinct strain associated with gastroenteritis. 300 37

Monoclonal antibodies were prepared against enteric adenovirus by fusing P3-NS1/-Ag4-1 mouse myeloma cells with lymphocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with enteric adenovirus 40 (Ad40) G2297. Of the several putative clones secreting antibodies to adenovirus, five were found to react specifically to the enteric adenovirus. The specificity of two of these monoclones which recognize a single antigen of a molecular size of 17 kilodaltons was evaluated against 78 clinical isolates. One monoclone (5D8/2C2) reacted with both Ad40 and Ad41, and the other monoclone (2H6/C11) recognized Ad40 only in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). These ELISA results correlated well with those of the specific neutralization test or DNA restriction endonuclease analysis or both. The use of this rapid ELISA with these monoclones will find applications in the diagnosis of enteric adenovirus and should facilitate the epidemiologic studies of enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Development and application of monoclonal antibodies for specific detection of human enteric adenoviruses. 301 48

In an infants' ward, gastroenteritis occurred in five children in two groups, probably by nosocomial spread of adenovirus 31 (three cases) and adenovirus 31 + rotavirus (two cases). The infants recovered well. The DNA of adenovirus 31 isolates was analysed with ten restriction endonucleases and found identical for all five strains, but different from the prototype.
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PMID:Gastroenteritis in infants, associated with a genome type of adenovirus 31 and with combined rotavirus and adenovirus 31 infection. 303 17

Since the first observation of Norwalk virus in the electron microscope in 1972, many different small virus particles in the size range 20-40 nm have been described world-wide in association with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. Progress characterizing these agents has been hampered by the relatively small numbers of particles present in clinical material and the lack of success in culturing them. Although the relationship between some of these viruses remains confusing, a number of distinct groups has emerged, based on morphological features and limited physical data. Immuno-electron microscopy has proved valuable in detecting viruses but the addition of antibody can mask surface morphological features. Examination of viruses in negatively stained preparations without added antibody has revealed distinct morphological differences and viruses previously thought to be simply antigenic variants within the Norwalk group of viruses clearly belong to other groups. Preliminary evidence suggests that one human virus unrelated to Norwalk has a single-stranded DNA genome and is a parvovirus. Some groups have been implicated in outbreaks of food-borne gastroenteritis, particularly after the consumption of shellfish, and their role in other food-borne and water-borne outbreaks is being increasingly recognized.
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PMID:Small round viruses: classification and role in food-borne infections. 303 38

The newer fluoroquinolones are a major advance in antimicrobial chemotherapy. They inhibit the supercoiling activity of the DNA gyrase enzyme, thus exerting their antibacterial action on DNA and RNA synthesis, resulting in a biphasic response and killing of susceptible organisms. The newer fluoroquinolones have an extended antimicrobial spectrum compared to their older congeners, and are highly active against most Gram-negative pathogens including the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci are usually susceptible to the fluoroquinolones, streptococci are generally more resistant and enterococci are resistant. All of the newer fluoroquinolones may be administered orally and most of them have been administered parenterally. They are widely distributed in the body, attaining therapeutic concentrations in most tissues. All of the fluoroquinolones have long half-lives and may be administered once or twice daily. The fluoroquinolones have proved effective in many infections, including uncomplicated or complicated urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections, gonorrhoea, bacterial gastroenteritis, and soft tissue infections due to Gram-negative organisms. In general, success has been notable in the management of Gram-negative infections but less so with Gram-positive infections. Resistance has occurred and is proving a problem with P. aeruginosa in some cystic fibrosis patients, but as yet no plasmid-mediated resistance has developed. Cross-resistance occurs between the quinolones but only rarely with other classes of antibacterial drugs. The fluoroquinolones have an excellent safety record and their adverse effects, which include hypersensitivity reactions, dizziness, headache, gastrointestinal disturbance and minor haematological abnormalities are usually mild and transient. However, the fluoroquinolones have been found to damage juvenile weight-bearing joints in animals and are therefore only to be used with caution in children; transient arthralgia has been reported in a cystic fibrotic teenager on long term ciprofloxacin therapy. All of the fluoroquinolones except ofloxacin are associated with a variable increase in the serum concentration of theophylline, warfarin and caffeine. Thus, the fluoroquinolones are an attractive option in the management of many infections. Cost and possible resistance, however, should counsel caution in their use, and may limit them to situations where a cheaper antimicrobial of equivalent efficacy is not available.
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PMID:Fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Microbiology, pharmacokinetics and clinical use. 305 26

Norfloxacin is an oral fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent recently released for the treatment of uncomplicated and complicated urinary tract infections. The drug antagonizes DNA gyrase, an enzyme essential for bacterial DNA replication. Norfloxacin is more potent and broader in spectrum than the earlier developed analogue, nalidixic acid, and is active in vitro against virtually all bacterial pathogens causing urinary tract and gastrointestinal infections, aerobic gram-negative bacilli causing sepsis in neutropenic patients, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The drug is administered orally twice daily and achieves high concentrations in urine, stool, renal tissue, and bile. Norfloxacin was at least as effective as currently used agents in treating urinary tract infections, and, in limited studies, bacterial gastroenteritis, gonorrhea, bacterial prostatitis, and prevention of gram-negative bacillary infection in neutropenic patients. Adverse drug effects were mild and included disturbances of the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. Norfloxacin shows promise as an antibacterial agent for genitourinary and gastrointestinal infections.
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PMID:Norfloxacin: a new targeted fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent. 327 8

Recombinant DNA-derived bovine interferon alpha 1-1 (BoIFN) inhibited replication of both vesicular stomatitis virus and transmissible gastroenteritis virus in cultures of swine testicular cells. Newborn pigs were orally inoculated with BoIFN and subsequently had interferon in their gastric contents and serum; however, interferon was found only occasionally in intestinal washings. Incubation of BoIFN with gastric contents from a newborn suckling pig did not affect antiviral activity, whereas intestinal (small intestine) contents from the same animal inactivated BoIFN within 1 minute. Beginning at 6 hours of age, newborn, colostrum-deprived pigs were given 1 mg of BoIFN orally every 12 hours. These pigs were not protected against challenge exposure to virulent transmissible gastroenteritis virus at 48 hours of age; disease and mortality were similar for these pigs and for control pigs not given BoIFN prior to challenge exposure. The BoIFN did not impair growth rate of pigs and did not cause obvious disease or lesions.
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PMID:Effect of recombinant DNA-derived bovine alpha-1 interferon on transmissible gastroenteritis virus infection in swine. 371 40

Restriction fragments of fastidious human adenovirus type 41 (Ad41) were cloned in vector plasmid pBR322. A rapid and sensitive nonradioactive molecular-hybridization technique (M. Renz and C. Kurz, Nucleic Acids Res. 12:3435-3444, 1984) showed that one clone specifically detected fastidious Ad40 and Ad41 (subgenus F) without cross-hybridization with nonfastidious adenoviruses. This clone was mapped in a region of the Ad41 genome corresponding to early transcription unit E1B of Ad2. A number of DNAs from fastidious and nonfastidious adenoviruses were extracted, without cultivation, from stools of children with gastroenteritis and were hybridized with an Ad2 probe and with the cloned probe, allowing the differentiation of the two groups of viruses. This method could detect DNA quantities as low as 10 pg and should be particularly suitable for stool samples containing adenoviral DNA in amounts too low to be detected by staining with ethidium bromide.
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PMID:Direct detection and differentiation of fastidious and nonfastidious adenoviruses in stools by using a specific nonradioactive probe. 377 64


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