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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In July and August 1988, an outbreak of gastroenteritis affected 44 of 60 (73%) persons from 5 separate swimming groups who had used the same swimming pool in Los Angeles. Cryptosporidium was identified in 5 of 8 (63%) stool specimens, and the clinical picture was consistent with Cryptosporidium infection. Resistance of Cryptosporidium to chlorine, an inadequately maintained pool filtration system, repeated exposure to pool water, and possible continuing pool contamination may have contributed to ongoing transmission. Cryptosporidium should be considered a potential etiologic agent of gastroenteritis associated with recreational water use.
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PMID:Swimming-associated cryptosporidiosis. 156 57

We have investigated the usefulness of ribotyping for the differentiation of aeromonads isolated from five patients with gastroenteritis and from the source water, treatment plant, and distribution system of a small public water supply. Aeromonas hydrophila and Aeromonas caviae were isolated from fecal specimens preserved in Cary-Blair transport medium by using blood ampicillin agar or alkaline peptone water (pH 8.4) subcultured to blood ampicillin agar plates. A. hydrophila, Aeromonas sobria, and A. caviae were isolated from duplicate 100-ml water samples by the membrane filter technique by using ampicillin dextrin agar for quantitative determination of growth and alkaline peptone water enrichment for detection of the presence or absence of aeromonads below the detection limit of the membrane filter method. In addition, free chlorine residuals and pH values were determined for all water samples and heterotrophic plate counts and total and fecal coliform analyses were performed on them. Ribotyping patterns of aeromonads recovered from well 1, detention basin, sand filter, softener, and distribution samples were compared with those of the five clinical isolates. All patient strains were unique; however, identical ribotypes of A. hydrophila and A. sobria isolated from multiple sites in the water system indicated colonization of a well, sand filters, and the softener, with the potential for sporadic contamination of distribution water. Plant operational deficiencies were noted and corrected. Ribotyping can effectively differentiate otherwise indistinguishable strains of bacteria, thus providing a powerful tool for investigation of waterborne diseases and bacteriological problems within water treatment plants and distribution systems.
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PMID:Application of ribotyping for differentiating aeromonads isolated from clinical and environmental sources. 162 69

A prospective randomized study of 100 well-nourished infants with acute gastroenteritis resulting in dehydration and acidosis was carried out at the Jackson Memorial Hospital, Miami from 1981 to 1983. Patients were randomly assigned to receive either standard intravenous therapy or oral rehydration. Infants in the latter group first received solution A containing 75 mEq/L sodium, 30 mEq/L potassium, 75 mEq/L chloride [corrected], 30 mEq/L bicarbonate, and 2 gm/dL glucose [corrected]. After ad libitum feeding for six hours, solution B containing 50 mEq/L sodium, 30 mEq/L potassium, 50 mEq/L chlorine, 30 mEq/L bicarbonate, and 3 gm/dL [corrected] glucose was given. With three exceptions (6%), oral rehydration was comparable to the intravenous regimen in clinical estimates of improvement, although the oral group had more stools in the first day. The oral group had faster correction of acidosis and a sustained rise in serum potassium concentration, whereas in the intravenous group the potassium concentration showed first a drop with a later increase, but levels were at all times below those in the oral group. Although potassium was given from the beginning of oral rehydration, and at a higher concentration than recommended by the World Health Organization, no hyperkalemia occurred. We concluded that oral therapy is safe, less expensive for patients, and more convenient for the medical and nursing staffs.
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PMID:Oral rehydration of infants in a large urban U.S. medical center. 400 30

An outbreak of Giardia lamblia gastroenteritis occurred in Reno, Nevada, in 1982, during which 324 laboratory-confirmed infections were reported. During the outbreak, Reno was supplied in part by surface water that was chemically coagulated, settled, and chlorinated, but was not filtered. Giardia cysts were recovered from the water supply, and a beaver infected with Giardia was found in one of the reservoirs. A case-control study indicated that, during the outbreak but not afterwards, persons with giardiasis drank more municipal water than did controls. Corrective measures, which included removing the infected beaver and increasing the chlorine concentration, were followed by a rapid decrease in reports of giardiasis.
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PMID:Case-control study of waterborne giardiasis in Reno, Nevada. 401 9

In the Melut-area 120 infants and young children (100%) (average estimated age 6 months) suffering from acute gastroenteritis were treated according to degree of dehydration and state of consciousness. Comatous patients and patients with life-threatening dehydration (= 25% of the patients) were given physiological NaCl-solution (15 ml/kg b. w.) intravenously and subsequently 2 to 4 courses with glucose electrolyte solution administered as a continuous drip-infusion via a nasogastric tube (CNGI) until the patient shed urine. Moderately dehydrated patients (35%) were treated by one or several CNGI only and therapy was then continued at home. Patients with mild dehydration (40%) were usually treated at home. Because of the bad quality and the microbiological contamination of the drinking-water which was the only source available for preparing the rehydration solution a chlorine-free disinfectant based on silver was used for water disinfection and preservation. Only solutions prepared in such water were used for both home-treatment and CNGI. In the 120 patients with treated diarrhea during a 7 months period 4 died. The rate of relapses, however, could not be established.
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PMID:[Oral rehydration by nasogastric tube using continuously sterilized water in infants with diarrhea in South Sudan (the Upper Nile area, Melut)]. 408 Apr 6

The occurrence of Aeromonas spp. in the metropolitan water supply of Perth, Western Australia, Australia, was monitored at several sampling points during a period of 1 year. Water within the distribution system conformed to international standards for drinking water but contained Aeromonas spp. in numbers comparable to those in raw surface water, although this water was free of Escherichia coli. Coliforms and E. coli were found in raw surface waters, and Aeromonas spp. were found in raw water from surface and underground sources. Chemical treatment, followed by chlorination at service reservoirs, resulted in water free of E. coli and a decrease in the number of Aeromonas spp. Aeromonas spp. were found in the greatest numbers in summer. Multiple regression analysis showed that growth of Aeromonas spp. in chlorinated water was related to water temperature, residual chlorine, and interaction between these variables. The incidence of Aeromonas-associated gastroenteritis, determined from isolates referred to us for enterotoxin testing, paralleled the pattern of isolation of Aeromonas spp. in water within the distribution systems. We suggest that the presence of Aeromonas spp. in drinking water needs public health appraisal and that further work should be undertaken to permit reevaluation of standards for the quality of drinking water.
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PMID:Isolation of Aeromonas hydrophila from a metropolitan water supply: seasonal correlation with clinical isolates. 638 48

The effects of environmental factors in the morbidity pattern of 893 children under 5 years of age living in the urban, urban slum, and rural areas of Varanasi are investigated. 273 children belonged to an urban area, 284 to urban slum area, and 336 to a rural area. All 3 areas have general outpatient services as well as underfive clinics. Data on childrearing practices, anthropometric measurements, and morbidity are recorded in the health cards of the children. Various illnesses observed included gastroenteritis, upper respiratory tract infection, stomatitis, constipation, fever, pica, anemia, Vitamin A deficiency, measles, chicken pox, whooping cough, and others. Total illnesses per child were higher in urban slum and rural children compared to the urban group (chi-square=132.7, p0.001). Children who lived in pucca and mixed houses in urban slum and rural areas had significantly higher morbidity compared to the urban group (pucca houses, chi-square=77.01, p0.01; mixed houses, chi-square=16.98, p0.001). The incidence of morbidity was higher in children who lived in inadequately ventilated kachcha houses, had poor source of water supply through open wells and practiced open field defecation compared to those who lived in pucca houses with adequate ventilation, utilized tap water, and were using service latrines. The findings suggest the need to educate mothers and to improve sanitation in order to maintain hygienic conditions for improving the health status of the children. A safe drinking water scheme should be immediately instituted in the crowded urban slums or rural areas. The few wells in villages should be improved and water chlorinated by bleaching powder or chlorine tablets.
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PMID:Influence of environmental factors on underfive morbidity. 730 16

Rotaviruses have been linked to outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis of children in day-care centres and hospital paediatric wards. There is, therefore, the need for monitoring effective decontamination of such environments. We have evaluated the effects of seven different methods of disinfection/inactivation (four chemical and three physical) on rotavirus using the PCR and cell-culture methods. We observed that 6% H2O2, 2500 ppm chlorine, an ethano-phenolic disinfectant, u.v. irradiation and heat completely destroyed the infectivity of rotavirus as well as RNA amplifiable by PCR. On the other hand, treatment with 80% ethanol resulted in the loss of infectivity despite the fact that RNA was still amplifiable. Rotavirus subjected to drying over a 24 h period still retained amplifiable RNA but infectivity was reduced by 100-fold when compared to the control. This study demonstrated an agreement between PCR and cell-culture monitoring systems, however, PCR is a more rapid and sensitive assay.
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PMID:Evaluation of the effects of disinfectants on rotavirus RNA and infectivity by the polymerase chain reaction and cell-culture methods. 856 75

Three hundred and seventy-eight passengers reported gastroenteritis during four cruises in the western Mediterranean on consecutive weeks of 1995. The rate at which cases were reported each day increased on the fourth cruise. The ship's owner commissioned an epidemiological investigation from the PHLS Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre. Cases reported explosive vomiting and diarrhoea, which lasted from 24 hours to five days, and were suggestive of viral gastroenteritis. No food handlers reported illness, but enquiries suggested that some had been ill and treated themselves. No bacterial pathogens were isolated from faecal specimens provided by cases or from water, food, and environmental samples taken from the galley. Small round structured viruses (SRSV) were identified by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in two faecal specimens and one specimen of vomit from people who became ill during the fourth cruise. SRSV was also identified in one faecal specimen by electron microscopy. Environmental inspection revealed inappropriate food handling, hygiene, and storage. During one 24 hour period no chlorine was detectable in the water. A case control study conducted on the fourth cruise sought details of exposure to various foodstuffs, unbottled water, and various parts of the ship. No significant associations were found between illness and any exposures. The evidence strongly suggested a continuing outbreak of SRSV infection transmitted from person to person. Some passengers remained on board for a second week and could have transmitted their infection to new arrivals. The ship was cleared and disinfected at the end of the fourth cruise in order to interrupt transmission. Fewer than 10 cases presented in each of the fifth and sixth cruises.
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PMID:An outbreak of viral gastroenteritis on a cruise ship. 899 May 76

A wedding reception at a North Yorkshire hotel was followed by an explosive outbreak of gastroenteritis. The attack rate among the 111 guests was 50% and vomiting was a predominant feature. The results of laboratory and epidemiological investigations were consistent with a common source outbreak of small round structured virus (SRSV) infection genotype II. The source of the outbreak was traced to a kitchen assistant who suddenly became ill on the eve of the reception and vomited into a sink used for preparing vegetables. The sink was cleaned with a chlorine based disinfectant and used the next morning to prepare a potato salad, subsequently identified as the vehicle of infection in a cohort study of guests (odds ratio 3.21; CI 1.78-5.78, p = 0.0001). No other food was associated with illness. The outbreak provides further supporting evidence of the importance of vomiting in the transmission of SRSV infection, highlights the virulence of this group of viruses, and indicates their relative resistance to environmental disinfection and decontamination. It also highlights the need for the adequate training of catering staff and the implementation and enforcement of food hygiene regulations.
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PMID:Outbreak of small round structured virus gastroenteritis arose after kitchen assistant vomited. 921 24


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