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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fifty-two clinical charts of children who had been discharged from this hospital, after being treated for acute renal failure, were analyzed to determine the incidence, presentation and results of the treatment used. We found that 0.7% of the total number of children admitted developed this complication and that 4/5 of them were under two years old. The initial illnesses were gastroenteritis, bronchial pneumonia, cyanogenic cardiopathies and sepsis. Some of the patients had hypoxic episodes or went into hypovolemic shock or a combination of both. In half of the patients diagnosis was reached from anamnesis, from of oliguria, acidosis and nitrogen retention. In the rest from whom a urine sample was obtained, the diagnosis was confirmed when the FeNa was higher than 2 and because the U/P osmolarity and urea were under 1.3 and 5 respectively. The oliguric type of acute renal failure was seen in 65% of the cases; the non-oliguric type in 35%. In the first group the mortality rate reached 6.5% even though a third of them were placed under dialysis. Yet, in another 7 cases, dialysis could not be used because the child was in shock. Of the 18 cases of non-oliguric acute renal failure, 12 recovered; only 3 required dialysis. We conclude that the high mortality rate in cases of acute renal failure depends on the severity of the underlying illness, the age of the patient and the delay in the diagnosis of the disease. The use of dopamine and furosemide, as well as the application of hemoperfusion instead place of peritoneal dialysis in neonates with sepsis, could improve results.
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PMID:[Physiopathology, diagnosis and treatment of acute renal insufficiency]. 177 97

Calves which had received daily concurrent infections of 2000 Ostertagia ostertagi and 10,000 Cooperia oncophora infective larvae over a 42-day period displayed a range of clinical signs typical of acute parasitic gastroenteritis including inappetence, weight loss, hypoalbuminaemia and diarrhoea. There were consistent and significant depressions in both digestive efficiency and nitrogen retention. Radioisotopic studies revealed marked disturbances in protein metabolism which were associated with high losses of plasma proteins into the gastrointestinal tract. On post mortem examination larval establishment of O ostertagi was seen to be high. The adverse changes were prevented by the prior administration of a morantel bolus.
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PMID:Pathophysiological and parasitological studies on a concurrent infection of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia oncophora in calves. 233 27

We conducted a prospective study of 50 consecutive cases of children with gastroenteritis and dehydration to assess the correlation of alterations in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration. Symptoms included 24 children with vomiting and 26 with vomiting and diarrhea. All children were estimably dehydrated-appearing on examination by traditionally used criteria and had metabolic acidosis (serum bicarbonate concentration of less than 20 mEq/L) and increased anion gap (more than 12 mEq/L). Of these 50 children, 44 (88%) had a BUN concentration within the limits of normal--17 were less than or equal to 10 mg/dL, 17 were between 11 and 14 mg/dL, and ten were between 14 and 18 mg/dL. We discuss the physiologic factors that influence the BUN concentration in conditions of dehydration. Although commonly used, measurement of the magnitude of the BUN concentration is not an accurate method for assessing the hydration status of children with dehydration due to gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Efficacy of measuring BUN in assessing children with dehydration due to gastroenteritis. 216 Jul 82

150 infants aged under 6 months and admitted to hospital with acute gastroenteritis were treated with rice water (RW), rice-based electrolyte solution (RES), and the glucose electrolyte solution (GES) recommended by the World Health Organisation. Two-thirds of the patients were moderately dehydrated and only 8% had positive stool culture. Vomiting, present in 11%, did not interfere with successful oral rehydration. Before treatment serum electrolytes and other biochemical variables were similar in the three groups. After 48 h of treatment the blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine were lower (p less than 0.05) in the RW and RES group than in the GES group. Serum potassium was also lower in the RW than in the RES group. RW and RES were superior to GES in reducing the frequency and volume of stool output and in producing weight gain.
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PMID:Comparison of rice water, rice electrolyte solution, and glucose electrolyte solution in the management of infantile diarrhoea. 287 Mar 23

Oral gentamicin, metronidazole, and cholestyramine were given either as single agents or in various combinations to infants who still required treatment after seven days in the hospital for persistent diarrhea. The effect of these drugs and the interactions between them were assessed by comparing daily stool output during treatment with that in the pretreatment period. The effect of the drugs on apparent nitrogen and fat absorption was also studied. On the first day of treatment the presence of cholestyramine was associated with a significantly greater decrease in stool output. This effect appeared to be largely due to an interaction with gentamicin. Thereafter, only gentamicin produced a significantly greater decrease in stool weight. At no stage was metronidazole of benefit. Gentamicin and cholestyramine also indirectly improved apparent nitrogen and fat absorption by reducing stool output. The combination of oral gentamicin and cholestyramine is recommended as a safe and effective way of treating infants with severe persistent diarrhea following acute gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Use of oral gentamicin, metronidazole, and cholestyramine in the treatment of severe persistent diarrhea in infants. 396 Jun 16

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of an oral fluid therapy alone or combined with parenteral administration of a 5% dextrose solution to attenuate the clinical signs and the pathophysiological consequences of transmissible gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. Eighteen two day old conventional piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus while six others were used as controls (Group 1). At the onset of diarrhea, infected piglets were divided into three groups of six (Groups 2, 3 and 4). Piglets in group 2 were not treated and were fed a milk replacer ad libitum. Piglets in group 3 were removed from the milk replacer and placed on an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution ad libitum. Those in group 4 were placed on oral fluid therapy and received a 5% dextrose solution intraperitoneally at the rate of 25 mL/kg of body weight once a day. Blood samples were collected in heparin within minutes after the infected piglets became comatose and from the controls at four or five days of age. The following variables were measured: packed red cell volume, blood pH, total plasma protein and bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen, and plasma glucose, creatinine, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Vomiting and diarrhea appeared 12 to 24 hours postinoculation in the infected piglets. There was a sudden and rapid progression into a comatose and moribund state one or two days later whether the infected piglets were treated or not.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Fluid therapy trials in neonatal piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. 407 36

The main purpose of this work was to study changes in the balance of fluids, electrolytes and blood metabolites in neonatal piglets with severe transmissible gastroenteritis. Six two day old conventional piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus while six others were used as normal controls. Blood samples were collected in heparin when the infected piglets were moribund. The following variables were measured: packed red cell volume, total plasma protein and bicarbonate, blood pH, blood urea nitrogen and plasma glucose, creatinine, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Vomiting and diarrhea appeared 12 to 24 hours postinoculation in the infected piglets and they were moribund one or two days later. Before becoming moribund, most of the piglets fell rapidly into a lethargic and comatose state. The most evident changes in their blood variables were an increase in packed cell volume, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium levels and a decrease in pH and bicarbonate concentration as well as a severe hypoglycemia. The results suggest that severe hypoglycemia coupled with metabolic acidosis and dehydration might be an important factor contributing to the high mortality rates caused by transmissible gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. The hypoglycemia results from a combination of the inadequate glucose metabolism inherent to neonatal piglets and the acute maldigestion and malabsorption resulting from the diffuse and severe villous atrophy induced by the virus.
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PMID:Hypoglycemia: a factor associated with low survival rate of neonatal piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. 647 97

The mean serum aldosterone concentration of 37 infants with acute gastroenteritis and dehydration was markedly elevated on admission (mean +/- SE 94.3 +/- 12.1 ng/ml) and approximated to normal values (18.2 +/- 3.7 ng/ml) following recovery from the acute disease (t=3.56 p less than 0.005). Serum aldosterone levels were significantly positively correlated with the percent weight loss (r=0.41, p less than 0.05) and with the blood urea nitrogen levels (r=0.55, p less than 0.001). There was no correlation between either serum sodium levels or blood osmolarity and aldosterone concentrations. Serum potassium levels were positively correlated with aldosterone levels (r=0.53, p less than 0.001). These findings indicate that small infants when dehydrated respond appropriately with elevated aldosterone levels. The amount of body fluid depletion and hyperkalemia are the major factors determining the amount of aldosterone response.
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PMID:Aldosterone concentrations in dehydrated infants. 670 40

A disease syndrome similar to the hemolytic uremic syndrome of people is described in three dogs with acute renal failure. In each dog, hemorrhagic gastroenteritis preceded the onset of anuric acute renal failure. Evidence of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (schizocytes, thrombocytopenia, and increased concentrations of fibrin split products) was present in the three dogs. Serum chemistry results showed increased concentrations of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and phosphorus. Ultrasound examination performed in one dog revealed increased echogenicity of the renal cortices. Treatment for anuric acute renal failure using a continuous dopamine and furosemide infusion established urine production in one of three dogs. Microscopic examination of tissue from the two dogs that underwent necropsy showed occlusion of the renal vasculature by fibrin thrombi consistent with microangiopathic arteriolar thrombosis. The pathophysiology and current knowledge of human hemolytic uremic syndrome is compared with hemolytic uremic syndrome in these dogs.
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PMID:Hemolytic uremic syndrome in dogs. 824 11

The hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) is an acute disorder, characterized by the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, nephropathy and thrombocytopenia. The great majority of patients are children, usually under 4 years of age, although adults can be affected. The onset is abrupt and usually follows gastroenteritis or upper respiratory infection. Later, clinical manifestations based on the triad, such as pallor, jaundice, edema, hypertension and purpura soon develop. The urinary output is reduced and the urine may appear dark yellow or tea-colored. Laboratory tests of peripheral blood show severe hemolytic anemia associated with fragmented red blood cells and thrombocytopenia, usually below 50,000/microliters. The blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations are elevated. Proteinuria and microscopic hematuria, which are indicative of active glomerular damage are also seen. Profound understanding of these manifestations is sufficient to permit an early diagnosis of HUS.
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PMID:[Diagnosis and clinical features of hemolytic uremic syndrome]. 843 21


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