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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Electrolyte disturbances and response to oral electrolyte therapy were studied in 88 children with mild to moderate dehydration due to acute gastroenteritis. A solution with a sodium concentration of 50 mmol/litre was tested in a group of 60 children and results obtained with those in a group of 28 children taking a standard oral solution with a concentration of 90 mmol/litre. Adequate hydration was accomplished in both groups and none of them received intravenous fluids. Neither group received additional water or other fluid in the first 24 hours. There was a significant rise in sodium concentration with both solutions and none of the children developed hypernatraemia. A significant rise in potassium is observed in children with clinical kwashiorkor when hydrated with the low sodium solution.
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PMID:Oral rehydration for diarrhoeal diseases in children. 732 31

Studied were the acute and subchronic toxicity of monensin-Na in pigs. The investigations were carried out with elancoban-100, containing 10 per cent monensin-Na. A total of 46 pigs were used, weighing 15 to 60 kg. The preparation was applied individually via the nose or with the feed. It was found that nasally at 5 mg/kg the preparation did not lead to intoxication; rates of 10 and 20 mg/kg proved toxic, and a dose of 30 mg/kg was lethal. Feed containing 300 ppm of monensin-Na given but once led to intoxication and death with part of the animals. Pig tolerated well continuous (33 days) intake of feed that contained the sodium salt of monensin in concentrations of 120 and 240 ppm - no changes in the general status and behaviour were observed, nor were there any deviations in the morphologic and biochemical composition of the blood. It was demonstrated that the low amounts of monensin stimulated the weight gain of pigs. On the other hand, the clinical picture of the intoxication consisted in going off feed, higher pulse and respiration rates, involvement of the nervous system (depression of the nociceptive, eye closure, and ear reflexes, paresis of the hind limbs, and in severe cases - of the forelimbs too), hematuria in most of the animals, higher SGPT activity, and delayed ESR. Morphologically, there were vascular and slightly manifested degenerative changes in the parenchymal organs, red to brown urine in the bladder, strongly enlarged gallbladder, and catarrhal and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Histologically, there was granular and fatty degeneration of the kidneys, liver, and heart, hyperemia, perivascular and pericellular edema and degenerative changes in the glial cells of the berebrum, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.
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PMID:[Toxicity of sodium monensin for pigs]. 734 Jan 8

Twenty newborns with hypovolemic shock due to gastroenteritis, were treated with a solution of lactate Ringer. The clinical course, complications and the evolution of the seric levels of sodium were analyzed. The average sodium administered was 17.8 mEq./kg./d., higher than the recommended dose for that age; nevertheless, after 24 hours of treatment, the seric levels in 95 per cent of the patients showed figures within normal range. The conclusion is that the ability of the kidney to regulate sodium excretion is present and adequate since the first days of life.
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PMID:[Sodium hemostasis in hypovolemic shock in the newborn]. 742 40

Four different carbohydrate electrolyte solutions were provided for children under 18 months with acute gastroenteritis treated as outpatients. Osmolality and sodium content were measured in samples of solutions as given by the parents. All types of feed were made up with marked inaccuracy. Osmolality was sometimes unacceptably high in solutions containing glucose, while the highest osmolality for sucrose solutions hardly exceeded the correct value for glucose solutions. Most parents could use a sachet with reasonable accuracy although there were still wide extremes of errors. The ideal preparation for use in developed countries may be a sachet containing sucrose and electrolyte, particularly if such sachets could be made generally available and not just for use in hospitals and clinics.
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PMID:Oral solutions for infantile gastroenteritis--variations in composition. 743 18

Hyponatremia has been recognized as a complication in adults with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). We did a retrospective study evaluating the medical records of 86 children (age 4 months to 21 years) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection to determine the frequency and clinical associations of hyponatremia. Twenty-two children (26%) developed hyponatremia (serum sodium < 135 mEq/L; range 104 to 134 mEq/L; mean 130 mEq/L). Fourteen were male; 18 of the 22 patients were black and 4 were white. At the time of hyponatremia, the children frequently had comorbid associations, including 8 (35%) with AIDS encephalopathy; 3 (14%) with cardiomyopathy; 3 (14%) using diuretics; 1 (5%) using pentamidine; 3 (14%) with bacterial pneumonia; 2 (9%) requiring gastric lavage feedings; 2 (9%) with tuberculosis meningitis; 2 (9%) with gastroenteritis; 1 (5%) with infection caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare; 1 (5%) each with brain tumor and tumor metastasis to brain. The cause of hyponatremia was attributed to syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone in 8 children; poor sodium intake and/or excessive diarrheal losses in 5; and the use of diuretics in 3 patients. Mild hyponatremia with no identifiable cause was found in 5 patients.
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PMID:Hyponatremia in pediatric patients with HIV-1 infection. 748 60

Norwalk virus (NV) causes epidemic outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. The NV capsid is made up of a single protein, and expression of the capsid protein in baculovirus recombinants results in spontaneous assembly of the protein into virus-like particles (X. Jiang, M. Wang, D. Y. Graham, and M. K. Estes, J. Virol. 66:6527-6532, 1992). We have investigated whether the NV capsid protein undergoes a specific proteolytic cleavage. Recombinant NV (rNV) particles were digested with trypsin to determine if a specific cleavage occurred. A predominant band with a molecular weight of approximately 32,000 (32K protein) was observed when trypsin-treated rNV was electrophoresed on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Determination of the N-terminal sequence of this band showed that a trypsin-specific cleavage occurred at amino acid residue 227. Early studies identified two proteins with molecular weights of 59,000 and 30,000 (59K and 30K proteins) in the stool of NV-infected volunteers that were reactive with postinfection antiserum. (H. B. Greenberg, J. R. Valdesuso, A. R. Kalica, R. G. Wyatt, V. J. McAuliffe, A. Z. Kapikian, and R. M. Chanock, J. Virol. 37:994-999, 1981). We hypothesized that the 32K rNV cleavage product might be analogous to the 30K soluble protein detected in stools of NV-infected volunteers. Immunoprecipitation of soluble protein from these stool extracts with a rabbit polyclonal antiserum made against rNV, and Western blot detection with a mouse polyclonal antiserum made against rNV, revealed a single band with an apparent molecular weight of 30,000 that migrated similarly to the trypsin cleavage product observed in vitro. The N terminus of this band was identical to that of the 32K cleavage product of rNV capsid protein. These data show that the 30K protein in stool is produced by specific cleavage of the NV capsid protein in vivo. Trypsin cleavage of isolated soluble rNV 58K capsid protein and of assembled particles showed that only soluble 58K capsid protein is susceptible to cleavage. The presence of a large amount of soluble capsid protein may influence the immune response to or pathogenicity of NV infections.
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PMID:Specific proteolytic cleavage of recombinant Norwalk virus capsid protein. 785 6

An open-label, inpatient study was undertaken to compare the efficacy of two oral rehydration solutions (ORS) given randomly to children aged 1-10 years who had acute gastroenteritis with mild or moderate dehydration (n = 45). One solution contained 60 mmol/l sodium and 1.8% glucose, total osmolality 240 mosm/l (Gastrolyte, Rhone-poulenc, Rorer) and the other contained 26 mmol/l sodium, 2.7% glucose and 3.6% sucrose, total osmolality 340 mOsm/l (Glucolyte, Gilseal). Analysis of data indicated that Gastrolyte therapy resulted in significantly fewer episodes and volume of vomiting over all time periods in comparison to Glucolyte and significantly less stool volume during the first 8 h and in the 0-24 h period. The differences between treatments in degree of dehydration at each follow-up period, duration of diarrhoea, and duration of hospital stay were not significant. No adverse drug reactions occurred. Six patients received intravenous rehydration treatment and were considered treatment failures. We conclude that oral rehydration therapy is safe and efficacious in the management of dehydration in acute diarrhoea and that the lower osmolar rehydration solution has clinically marginal advantages.
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PMID:Osmolality electrolyte and carbohydrate type and oral rehydration solutions: a controlled study to compare the efficacy of two commercially available solutions (osmolalities 240 mmol/L and 340 mmol/L). 818 94

Twenty-five infants with hypernatremic dehydration due to acute gastroenteritis were given oral rehydration therapy (ORT). The patients received a glucose-electrolyte solution (such as that recommended by the World Health Organization) over six hours (2:1 rotating method). Twenty-three patients were successfully rehydrated within 48 hours after onset of therapy, while the two remaining patients attained normal serum Na+ levels within 72 hours. Acidosis was noted in 10 patients which disappeared in 24 hours.
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PMID:Oral rehydration of infants with hypernatremic dehydration due to acute gastroenteritis. 824 1

We report a 9-month-old male Latino infant with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (NDI) who presented with hypernatremic dehydration aggravated by severe gastroenteritis. Initially, the infant was managed with intravenous fluids followed by standard 20 cal/ounce formula and pharmacological therapy, resulting in normalization of his serum sodium level. While hydrochlorothiazide therapy alone or in combination with prostaglandin inhibitors or amiloride has been successful in children and adolescents, this is the first report of the successful use of hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride in an infant with congenital NDI.
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PMID:Successful treatment with hydrochlorothiazide and amiloride in an infant with congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. 825 21

An asymmetric organ culture system in which ileal tissues, freshly removed from rabbits, can be maintained structurally and functionally for up to 4 h has been developed. The composition of the solutions used to maintain ileal tissue in vitro were as follows. The serosal surface was bathed in the World Health Organization (WHO) rehydration formulation: NaCl, 60 mM; NaHCO3, 30 mM; KCl, 20 mM; and glucose, 111 mM. The mucosal surface was bathed in the same solution with two important changes: all the sodium was replaced by choline, which is not absorbed, and tissue culture medium (consisting of commercial minimal essential medium to which was added fetal calf serum and glutamine to final concentrations of 10% [vol/vol] and 2.0 mM, respectively) was added to the choline-containing medium to a final concentration of 10% (vol/vol). The initial invasiveness (first 2 h) of seven strains of Salmonella typhimurium differing in virulence (defined in terms of clinical origin or the ability to induce fluid loss in monkeys or rabbit ileal loops) was assessed quantitatively in an in vitro invasion assay with the organ culture system. The virulent strains (TML, W118, and WAKE) were found to be about 25- to 100-fold more invasive than the avirulent strains (SL1027, M206, LT7, and Thax-1). Thus, a clear correlation between initial mucosal invasion and virulence of S. typhimurium in a model which is relevant to human gastroenteritis was established. This is the first time, to our knowledge, that quantitative studies of invasiveness have been carried out in vitro on freshly isolated functioning gut.
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PMID:Quantitative studies of invasion of rabbit ileal mucosa by Salmonella typhimurium strains which differ in virulence in a model of gastroenteritis. 830 Feb 15


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