Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The main purpose of this work was to study changes in the balance of fluids, electrolytes and blood metabolites in neonatal piglets with severe transmissible gastroenteritis. Six two day old conventional piglets were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus while six others were used as normal controls. Blood samples were collected in heparin when the infected piglets were moribund. The following variables were measured: packed red cell volume, total plasma protein and bicarbonate, blood pH, blood urea nitrogen and plasma glucose, creatinine, chloride, inorganic phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium. Vomiting and diarrhea appeared 12 to 24 hours postinoculation in the infected piglets and they were moribund one or two days later. Before becoming moribund, most of the piglets fell rapidly into a lethargic and comatose state. The most evident changes in their blood variables were an increase in packed cell volume, total protein, blood urea nitrogen, phosphorus and magnesium levels and a decrease in pH and bicarbonate concentration as well as a severe hypoglycemia. The results suggest that severe hypoglycemia coupled with metabolic acidosis and dehydration might be an important factor contributing to the high mortality rates caused by transmissible gastroenteritis in neonatal piglets. The hypoglycemia results from a combination of the inadequate glucose metabolism inherent to neonatal piglets and the acute maldigestion and malabsorption resulting from the diffuse and severe villous atrophy induced by the virus.
 ...
PMID:Hypoglycemia: a factor associated with low survival rate of neonatal piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. 647 97

The mean serum aldosterone concentration of 37 infants with acute gastroenteritis and dehydration was markedly elevated on admission (mean +/- SE 94.3 +/- 12.1 ng/ml) and approximated to normal values (18.2 +/- 3.7 ng/ml) following recovery from the acute disease (t=3.56 p less than 0.005). Serum aldosterone levels were significantly positively correlated with the percent weight loss (r=0.41, p less than 0.05) and with the blood urea nitrogen levels (r=0.55, p less than 0.001). There was no correlation between either serum sodium levels or blood osmolarity and aldosterone concentrations. Serum potassium levels were positively correlated with aldosterone levels (r=0.53, p less than 0.001). These findings indicate that small infants when dehydrated respond appropriately with elevated aldosterone levels. The amount of body fluid depletion and hyperkalemia are the major factors determining the amount of aldosterone response.
 ...
PMID:Aldosterone concentrations in dehydrated infants. 670 40

Of 1045 children admitted with gastroenteritis over a 12-month period and studied retrospectively, serum sodium level was tested in 802. Sixty patients (7.5%) had hypernatremic dehydration (HD). The peak incidence of HD, the highest serum sodium levels, and the worst outcome were all encountered in infants under the age of 3 months. An association with pre-admission high solute feeding was less obvious. Pre-admission volume intake could not be evaluated. There was no association of HD with the etiological pathogen or climatic conditions. The weight-for-age was below the fifth percentile in 21 patients (35%). One patient (1.7%) died, another (1.7%) developed peripheral gangrene, and four (6.7%) were left with significant neurologic complications. All of these patients were under the age of 4 months. In this subtropical country, the most important risk factor for the development of hypernatremia in the course of gastroenteritis is the young age. Environmental risk factors do not seem to play a significant role.
 ...
PMID:Hypernatremic dehydration in infants with gastroenteritis. 670 30

Intraluminal perfusion with Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) reversed water and electrolyte movements from net absorption to net secretion in porcine jejunal segments. Addition of berberine hydrochloride (3.2 X 10(-5) M) to the perfusate reduced the jejunal secretory response of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride to ST and enhanced water and electrolyte absorption in control segments. At lower concentrations (1.1 X 10(-5) M), berberine reduced the secretory response in ST-exposed segments, but only the decrease of sodium flux was significant. In the presence of berberine, the mucosal enzyme activities of adenosine triphosphatase and disaccharidases were not significantly different between control and ST-exposed segments. Doses of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 10 mg of berberine were injected into ligated loops of proximal part of the jejunum with 1 ml of ST filtrate. At doses of 2 or more mg/loop, berberine was effective in reducing water and electrolyte secretions induced by ST; the effect was dose-dependent. These findings indicate that berberine may be an effective antidiarrheal agent in E coli heat-stable enterotoxin mediated secretory diarrhea and provide a basis for the frequent empirical use of berberine alkaloid and berberine-containing plants in gastroenteritis and infectious diarrhea in Asian and other countries.
 ...
PMID:Effect of berberine on intestinal secretion mediated by Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin in jejunum of pigs. 675 29

Hyperglycemia and glucosuria are frequently seen during the acute phase of dehydration secondary to gastroenteritis. In this paper, 33 patients in hypovolemic shock due to diarrhea were studied. Serum glucose resulted above 140 mg/100 ml. in 14 patients (41%); it was below 27 mg/100 ml. in 2 more patients (5.8%). Despite high glucose concentration, only 4 out of the 14 hyperglycemic patients had serum insulin concentration above that observed in normal fasting children. Plasma cortisol was significantly higher in the group with hyperglycemia (54 +/- 24 micrograms/100 ml.) in comparison with the group with normal glucose levels (15 +/- 6.4 micrograms/100). No correlation was found between serum glucose and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, growth hormone nor with plasma osmolarity. All disturbances observed turned normal after rehydration. Hyperglicemia is explained as a response to stress and is probably due to the gluconeogenic action of cortisol and the inhibitory effect of catecholamines upon insulin secretion.
 ...
PMID:[Hyperglycemia of the dehydrated infant]. 699 Sep 40

Alternate cases of infantile gastroenteritis (IGE) admitted to the Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, were put on rice water (RW) or the standard World Health Organization oralyte solution (WOS) to compare the effect of oral RW to WOS. On admission, each patient's hydration status was assessed. Serum electrolytes were taken before any treatment was initiated. Milk was totally withdrawn for 24 hours, or longer, as the situation demanded. Those who needed intravenous fluid hydration were dripped accordingly for 24 hours usually and then the oral fluids (RW or WOS) were given depending on the protocol. There were 63 patients on WOS and 67 on RW. All recovered fully, and there were no deaths nor any sequelae from the episode of gastroenteritis. The compability of the 2 groups was assessed in terms of the age groups, sex, race, number of days of diarrhea before admission, degree of dehydration, and the electrolytes prior to treatment. There were no statistical differences between the serum sodium (Na), chloride (Cl), urea, potassium (K), and bicarbonate (HCO3) in the 2 groups. The 2 groups were comparable. After each group had been treated with WOS or RW, the serum electrolytes were repeated on day 3 to see if there were any differences in the results. The only statistically significant difference was between C and H, i.e., in the WOS group the serum urea was lower in those with intravenous drip, between N and S, i.e., in the RW group. Babies on rice water passed fewer stools/day compared to those on WOS. The most important finding from this controlled trial with WOS and RW in the management of IGE was the effectiveness of RW in reducing the frequency of stools and hence faster rehydration compared to WOS. The 2 groups were eminently comparable, yet RW was as effective or even more effective than WOS in controlling the diarrhea. It is recommended that in the Singapore context rice water is a convenient, sterile, and effective antidiarrheal agent.
 ...
PMID:Gastroenteritis: III. Rice-water in the management of infantile gastroenteritis in Singapore. 705 47

In acute diarrhea of infancy we distinguish between infectious and noninfectious causes. In the latter we know some autosomal recessive disorders, e.g. the glucose-galactose-malabsorption, the lactase deficiency as well as the sucrase-isomaltase deficiency. In addition the most frequent acquired disorders like the cow's milk protein intolerance and celiac disease contribute also to the group of noninfectious causes of diarrhea. Here the most effective therapy consists of the elimination of the toxic agent from the diet. In infectious diarrhea we find most frequently rotavirus as the agent but also yersinia, campylobacter fetus, salmonella, shigella, E. coli, lamblia giardia and entameba hystolytica. Generally a conservative treatment with a dietetic regimen is preferred. Only in severe cases with yersinia and campylobacter infection the addition of antibiotic drugs is necessary. Giardia lamblia and amebiasis however have to be treated with metronidazol. As the absorption of glucose is coupled with that of sodium within the small intestine in acute gastroenteritis we find a combined disturbance between salt and carbohydrate absorption. A solution containing glucose and salt is recommended therefore for oral rehydration. The amount administered within the first 24 hours should be between 150-250 ml/kg per day. So called "antidiarrhoic drugs" are questionably effective.
 ...
PMID:[Useful and superfluous measures in the treatment of infant diarrhea]. 717 37

Sodium, potassium and magnesium were measured in serum resp. plasma and in erythrocytes of oliguricanuric children with acute haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). Potassium was in serum resp. plasma and in red cells in normal range or decrease compared with other forms of acute renal failure in children. These findings were different to statements in the relevant literature, which describe hyperkaliaemia. We suppose a potassium depletion in the early state of HUS. The cause is still unknown. Furthermore we found a hyponatriaemia according to severity of edema and gastroenteritis. Sodium in red cells and magnesium in plasma and erythrocytes were slightly elevated.
 ...
PMID:[Pattern of serum and red cell electrolytes in acute haemolytic uraemic syndrome (author's transl)]. 719 93

1. We studied intestinal glucose transport in pigs during the acute and convalescent phases of an invasive viral enteritis, transmissible gastroenteritis. 2. When diarhoea was severe 40 h after experimental infection, net absorption of glucose, Na+ and water, measured by marker perfusion in the jejunum, was reduced; the enhancement of Na+ and water absorption in response to increasing perfusate glucose concentrations up to 120 mmol/l was diminished compared with the response observed in control and convalescent pigs. 3. Measured in vitro, 40 h after infection, unidirectional fluxes of 3-O-methyl-D-glucose across the jejunal epithelium were reduced and net absorption of the sugar was obliterated. Phlorizin (0.05 mmol/l), which completely inhibited net 3-O-methyl-D-glucose absorption in control tissue, had no significant effect on transmissible gastroenteritis jejunum. 4. Our data suggest that in this invasive viral enteritis, which closely resembles human rotavirus enteritis, glucose absorption is impaired as a result of defects in both active and passive glucose flux. 5. Differences between the mechanisms of viral diarrhoea, demonstrated by our study and those of the enterotoxigenic diarrhoeas, should be taken into consideration in formulating active therapeutic measures for children with acute viral diarrhoea.
 ...
PMID:Intestinal glucose transport in acute viral enteritis in piglets. 724 53

We studied serum osmolality in 167 consecutive infants admitted for gastroenteritis with 5% or more dehydration. Osmolality was determined by the freezing-point method in a 0.2-mL sample of serum immediately on admission. Forty-one patients (24.6%) had hypo-osmolar dehydration, with a mean osmolality of 257 mOsm/kg (range, 234 to 270 mOsm/kg). Eleven patients (6.5%) had hyperosmolar dehydration, with a mean osmolality of 329 mOsm/kg (range, 312 to 369 mOsm/kg). Simultaneous serum and CSF osmolalities were determined in 14 patients with hypo-osmolar and eight with hyperosmolar dehydration. In patients with hyperosmolar dehydration, serum osmolality correlated well with CSF osmolality, but a poor correlation was seen between serum and CSF sodium levels. Convulsions occurred in two patients in whom the CSF osmolality was greater than the serum osmolality by more than 10 mOsm/kg. Convulsions also occurred in two patients with hypo-osmolar dehydration in whom the CSF osmolality was lower than the serum osmolality by more than 13 mOsm/kg.
 ...
PMID:Osmolar relationships in infantile dehydration. 729 2


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>