Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sodium transport, mucosal structure, and epithelial enzymes were studied in piglets killed 10, 25, 40, 72, or 144 hr after infection with a standard dose of transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Glucose-stimulated Na transport measured in short-circuited jejunal epithelium and suspensions of villous enterocytes became progressively more abnormal during the first 40 hr, but recovered completely by 144 hr. As Na transport deteriorated, jejunal mucosal villi shortened and crypts deepened; cells isolated from the villi became more crypt-like in their enzyme profile, with high levels of thymidine kinase and low levels of sucrase activity 40 hr after infection. At 40 hr, when diarrhea is severe, little if any virus has been found in the epithelium. Our data suggest that the relatively undifferentiated crypt type enterocytes on the villi constitute an important determinant of altered Na transport and diarrhea in this invasive viral enteritis.
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PMID:Transmissible gastroenteritis: sodium transport and the intestinal epithelium during the course of viral enteritis. 83 94

Infants and young children are particularly susceptible to a recently identified viral enteritis which is highly contagious and seems both common and universal. In this disease, virus invades the upper intestinal epithelium, causing acute diarrhoea with early fever and vomiting. We studied a similar disease in pigs, infecting three-week-old animals with transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGE), which also invades the upper intestinal epithelium. In this model, diarrhoea is massive 16-40 hours after infection, when stools contain increased electrolytes but no excess of sugar. In the jejunum of intact pigs at the 40-hour stage we found altered Na+ and water flux, decreased mucosal activities of disaccharidases and Na+, K+-ATPase, but normal adenylate cyclase activity. At the same stage the response of Na+ flux to glucose was blunted in jejunal epithelium studied in Ussing short-circuit chambers and in suspensions of villous cells; Cl- flux responded normally to theophylline, and thymidine kinase and sucrase activities of cells isolated from jejunal villi were similar to those found in crypt cells. Probably by 40 hours after infection most virus has been shed from the mucosa. Viral diarrhoea clearly differs from enterotoxigenic diarrhoea. Consideration of its pathogenesis must take into account the dynamic nature of the mucosal epithelium and the factors governing differentiation of enterocytes as they migrate from crypt to villus. Sufficient information is available now to characterize one specific and apparently prevalent viral enteritis in man and to identify additional viral enteritides. There is hope that preventative therapy can be developed. Our understanding of the mechanisms of viral diarrhoea is limited, but the availability of an animal model and the promise of others makes us optimistic that these deficiencies can be remedied. Greater understanding of the pathogenesis of viral diarrhoea should better the active therapy of affected infants and children.
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PMID:Viral gastroenteritis: recent progress, remaining problems. 104 55

Ion transport in the jejunal mucosa of 14-to 16-day-old piglets with severe diarrhea 40 hr after infection with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus was studied. In infected pigs Na+ transport failed to respond normally to glucose when studied either in Ussing short-circuited chambers or in suspensions of enterocytes isolated selectively from jejunal villi. Theophylline, 10mM, added to the chambers produced the same brisk electrical responses and increments in net Cl- secretion in tissue from both infected and control groups. A defect in glucose-stimulated Na+ absorption in the acute stage of a viral enteritis has been identified which probably contributes to the impaired lumen-to-extracellular fluid flux of Na+ found previously in the jejunum of intact TGE-infected pigs. The mechanisms causing diarrhea in this invasive viral enteritis differ from those causing toxigenic diarrhea.
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PMID:Transmissible gastroenteritis. Mucosal ion transport in acute viral enteritis. 126 68

A total of 121 Yersinia enterocolitica O3 isolates from patients with gastroenteritis and 37 Y. enterocolitica reference strains with different O antigens were tested for bacteriocine production and sensitivity. By using cross-streaking method strains belonging to serogroups of O5; O7,8; O7,13; O11; O11,23; O13,27; O17; O19,8 and O34 produced bacteriocin-like substances. None of the Y. enterocolitica O3 strains produced bacteriocin-like material and most of them were uniformly sensitive against the bacteriocin-like material produced by strains of serogroups O7,8; O7,13; O13,27 and O19,8. By sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) significant differences were demonstrated in the whole cell protein patterns of Y. enterocolitica reference strains belonging to different serogroups in the range of 33-47 kilodalton (kDa). Out of the ten examined bacteriocin-like material producer strains only one strain harboured a plasmid of about 60 megadalton (MDa).
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PMID:Bacteriocin-like antagonism in Yersinia enterocolitica. 128 97

The effect of sulfate in drinking water at concentrations of 600, 1,200, and 1,800 mg/L on nursery pig performance and health was evaluated over 28 days on 415 weaned pigs. Sodium sulfate and magnesium sulfate were evaluated in combination at concentrations of 600, 1,200, and 1,800 mg/L, and independently at concentrations of 600 and 1,800 mg/L in the drinking water. Seven treatment groups and 1 control group were evaluated for mean gain, feed consumption, water consumption, feed conversion, prevalence of diarrhea, and evidence of common post-weaning enteric pathogens. Statistical analysis was performed, using analysis of variance with repeated measures including initial pig weight as a covariate. Prevalence of diarrhea was analyzed nonparametrically with a repeated measures design. Results indicated that pigs drinking 600, 1,200, or 1,800 mg of sulfate/L water had increased prevalence of nonpathogenic diarrhea during the trial period. There was a trend for increased water consumption corresponding to increased sulfate in the water. Differences in mean daily gain, feed consumption, or feed-to-gain ratios were not observed. Forty-five pigs were treated at least once during the trial and 4 pigs died, resulting in a nursery morbidity of 11% and mortality of 0.96%. Fourteen isolates of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli were found and rotavirus was isolated from 1 pig. Pigs in this study were not exposed to transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Except for an increase in fecal moisture content (not associated with pathogenic diarrhea), concentrations of up to 1,800 mg of sodium, magnesium, or a combination of sodium and magnesium sulfate/L had no adverse effect on nursery pig performance.
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PMID:Effect of concentration and source of sulfate on nursery pig performance and health. 142 59

Stool electrolytes were studied in 100 cases of gastroenteritis. The duration of illness was 24-48 hours in 32% and 72-96 hours in 28% of the cases. On stool culture, 43% children had no growth, 23% had Enteropathogenic E. coli and 10% had cholera and rotavirus each. The stool sodium loss was more in cholera and shigella cases, diarrhea of shorter duration and in children between 24-30 months of age. Potassium loss in the stool was more in shiegella cases, diarrhea of short duration and in children between 30-36 months of age. In cases of gastroenteritis with severe malnutrition, stool sodium loss was less; stool potassium loss was not affected by the nutritional status. Total electrolytes lost in stools can be estimated by knowing purging rate and rehydration therapy can be planned accordingly.
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PMID:Stool electrolytes in acute dehydrating gastroenteritis. 150 98

Infants presenting with hypernatraemic dehydration were studied prospectively in order to describe its incidence and the predisposing factors. Five hundred and twenty children with gastroenteritis were admitted to the Paediatric Unit of Hail General Hospital over a 1-year period from 1 June 1985 to 1 June 1986. Twenty-five children (4.8%) had hypernatraemia (Na+ greater than 150 mmol/l) and all 25 were under 1 year of age, 23 (92%) being under 6 months. Twenty (80%) came from families living in the villages and had a poor educational background. All the babies were bottle-fed. The majority of the mothers did not know how to prepare food hygienically and with the appropriate water/milk proportions. Most of the infants presented with high fever (+39 degrees C) and the majority were underweight for their age. Two babies died and one had evidence of neurological damage. This study indicates that the incidence of hypernatraemic dehydration is significant in this region and causes serious morbidity and mortality. It confirms the importance of breast-feeding and the need to educate the public in the proper preparation of bottle feeds when breast-feeding is not possible.
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PMID:Hypernatraemic dehydration in the Hail region of Saudi Arabia. 170 42

The effects of clonidine, an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist, and verapamil, a Ca2+ channel blocker, on Na+ and Cl- absorption were studied in stripped jejunal mucosa from control and transmissible-gastroenteritis-virus-infected piglets. All infected piglets developed severe diarrhea 18-24 hours after oral inoculation. Jejunum from infected animals, as compared with control jejunum, had decreased mucosal-to-serosal, serosal-to-mucosal, and net Na+ and Cl- fluxes. Clonidine and verapamil caused a decrease in short-circuit current and stimulation of Na+ and Cl- absorption in control jejunum. In infected piglets, although the jejunum exhibited severe villus atrophy, both drugs stimulated Na+ and Cl- absorption and the magnitude of Na+ and Cl- absorption was similar in control and transmissible-gastroenteritis-infected jejunum. In contrast, D-glucose stimulated Na+ absorption, and the decrease in short-circuit current caused by verapamil and clonidine, were decreased in transmissible-gastroenteritis-infected jejunum. Such pharmacological stimulation of Na+ and Cl- absorption might be useful in the management and treatment of certain viral diarrheal diseases.
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PMID:Electrolyte transport in piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Stimulation by verapamil and clonidine. 188 13

Comparative examinations of renal function using inulin- and endogenous creatinine-clearance tests in 5 pigs showed nearly identical values of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Based on this relation 79 healthy pigs, weighting 2 kg to 230 kg were investigated using the creatinine-clearance test for determination of normal values of GFR and urine flow rate (Vu) as well as renal excretion (E), renal clearance (Clr) and fractional excretion (FE) of urea, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, glucose and lactate. The renal excretion of creatinine (E-Creat) was closely correlated with the body weight. Therefore it is possible to use the body weight for estimation of E-Creat and to calculate GFR and Vu using plasma and urine concentrations of creatinine independent of a timed volumetric urine collection. Subsequently E, Clr and FE of electrolytes or other endogenous substances can be evaluated. Finally the practicability of this procedure for detection of disturbed glomerular filtration or tubular reabsorption was demonstrated in piglets suffering from colidiarrhoea and/or transmissible gastroenteritis.
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PMID:[Creatinine clearance as the foundation for clinical determination of kidney function in swine]. 194 84

During a 2-year period from January 1988 to December 1989, 125 patients (68 boys, 57 girls), aged 30 days to 9 years, were diagnosed as rotavirus gastroenteritis at this hospital. Diagnosis was made by identification of the rotavirus antigen in stool samples by latex agglutination assay. Ninety-nine (79.2%) of them were under 2 years of age. The seasonal peak in incidence was from January to March. The most common clinical characteristics were watery diarrhea (100%), followed by vomiting (68.8%), fever (68.0%), cough (42.4%), rhinorrhea (17.6%), convulsions (6.4%) and moderate to severe dehydration (1.6%). Fecal occult blood was positive in 4 patients and fecal leukocytes were positive in one patient. Stool cultures revealed concomitant infections with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in 4 patients. Of the 106 patients who underwent serum electrolyte examinations, serum sodium concentrations ranged from 135-145 meq/L in 81.9% (86/106) and serum potassium concentrations ranged from 3.5-5.0 meq/L in 86.8% (92/106). Leukocyte counts greater than 15,000/mm3 were found in 10.8% (13/120) of the patients. All 125 patients recovered from the diarrheal illness on follow-up. Our results showed a different seasonal distribution of this disease from that of a previous observation between 1983-1984 in Taipei City and provides original clinical information on rotavirus gastroenteritis in children living in an area of Taipei County. Using the simple and rapid latex agglutination assay, we can make early diagnosis of rotavirus gastroenteritis. Thus, early treatment and early isolation of patients to prevent nosocomial infection among hospitalized patients is possible.
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PMID:Rotavirus gastroenteritis in children: a clinical study of 125 patients in Hsin-Tien area. 206 88


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