Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0017160 (gastroenteritis)
 11,398 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A 58 year old Chinese male, one week after arriving in Canada from Hong Kong, presented with acute abdominal pain and diarrhoea which was rapidly followed by Escherichia coli infection causing septicaemia and meningitis. His past history revealed bronchial asthma for 15 years treated with steroids. At laparotomy, 7 days after the onset of symptoms, he was found to have extensive haemorrhagic infarction of the small bowel and right colon. Examination of the fibrosed mesenteric vessels revealed numerous filariform larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis, within the walls, and in all layers of bowel wall. The role of the parasite in the production of obliterative arteritis in this fatal case of haemorrhagic enteropathy is discussed. Clinical strongyloidiasis, in uncomplicated cases, varies from mild to severe with gastroenteritis, nausea, colicky abdominal pain, electrolyte imbalance and symptoms of malabsorption syndrome (MARCIAL-ROJAS, 1971). In malnourished individuals and patients with debilitating infections, either newly acquired or asymptomatic latent infection with S. stercoralis can assume severe dimensions (BROWN and PERNA, 1958; HUGHTON and HORN, 1959). Similarly, in patients on steroid (CRUZ et al., 1966; WILLIS and MWOKOLO, 1966; NEEFE et al., 1973) and immunosuppressive therapy for lymphomatous diseases or deficient in immune response (ROGERS and NELSON, 1966; RIVERA et al., 1970), systemic strongyloidiasis is often fatal. The increased frequency of auto-infection in such patients with a breached immune barrier is, however, unclear. Further complications of this infection due to severe enterocolitis result in sepsis, bacteraemia and meningitis (BROWN and PERNA, 1958; HUGHTON and HORN, 1959). This paper presents a fatal case of S. stercoralis infection which illustrates an uncommon if not unique, mechanism in its production of haemorrhagic enteropathy leading to sepsis and death.
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PMID:Fatal bowel infarction and sepsis: an unusual complication of systemic strongyloidiasis. 122 84

Five weeks before the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a 38-yr-old homosexual man had symptomatic gastroenteritis that resolved without antibiotic treatment. His stool culture was positive for Salmonella typhimurium at that time. The patient subsequently developed Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and received a 10-day course of intravenous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. He developed salmonella bacteremia 4 months later. The salmonella isolates from the stool and blood were susceptible to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Comparison of cryptic plasmids showed a pattern identical to the initial salmonella infection, so infection with a new strain did not cause the bacteremia. This finding illustrates the utility of plasmid fingerprinting as a diagnostic tool, and suggests that persons with AIDS, or those at high risk with prodromal symptoms, should receive prompt, effective therapy for nontyphoidal salmonella gastroenteritis.
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PMID:Recurrent salmonella infection with a single strain in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Confirmation by plasmid fingerprinting. 351 Aug 6

Thirty-eight infants and young children with gastroenteritis were investigated for lactose malabsorption. Each of them was given an oral lactose load of either 0.5 g/kg or 2 g/kg after which breath hydrogen excretion was measured, and each was observed to see if he had clinical symptoms of lactose intolerance. Only one patient, given 2 g/kg lactose, had clinical intolerance. His breath hydrogen excretion however was negative. Three of 18 patients given 0.5 g/kg lactose had positive breath hydrogen tests. None of these was symptomatic. Lactose intolerance in gastroenteritis was rare in our study, and the hydrogen breath test was not an appropriate technique for detecting it.
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PMID:Lactose malabsorption during gastroenteritis, assessed by the hydrogen breath test. 725 57

Rotational gut abnormalities are generally considered a disease process of the neonatal and pediatric populations. However, they may first become manifest in teenagers and adults, often with disastrous outcomes. A case of a 15-year-old boy who presented in shock with an acute abdomen is presented. His symptoms had been mistaken for 1 week as gastroenteritis. At surgery, he was found to have a midgut volvulus. A differential diagnosis is discussed, as well as an anatomical review and typical symptomatology associated with midgut abnormalities.
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PMID:Midgut volvulus: an unusual case of adolescent abdominal pain. 816 89

Sapporo-like caliciviruses reveal typical calicivirus morphology and cause acute gastroenteritis. This study describes the expression in baculovirus of capsid proteins of two Sapporo-like calicivirus strains (Hou/86 and Hou/90). Eight different constructs of the capsid genes were compared for production of the proteins. Constructs containing short (9 or 19 nt) upstream sequences failed to produce capsid proteins but extension of the upstream sequence to 73 nt resulted in production of capsid proteins. Expressed capsid protein with the MEG tri-peptide as the N-terminus self-formed virus-like particles (VLPs). Expressed protein with an upstream AUG failed to form VLPs. Addition of His-tag to the N-terminus of capsid protein also blocked VLP formation. Of three Norwalk-Hou/90 chimeric capsid gene constructs, one resulted in production of chimeric capsid and the protein did not form VLPs. Recombinant capsid proteins for each of Hou/86 and Hou/90 were further characterized. The expressed capsid antigens of the two strains were antigenically distinct but shared a common epitope(s). Further study of these proteins should allow development of immunologic assays for diagnosis and should help to clarify the epidemiology of Sapporo-like caliciviruses in humans.
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PMID:Expression and characterization of Sapporo-like human calicivirus capsid proteins in baculovirus. 1020 99

A previously healthy 7-year-old white boy presented to St. Louis Children's Hospital with a 1-day history of headache, malaise, temperature of 38.7 degrees C, and a progressively erythematous, tender calf with central dusky purpura. On the morning of admission, his mother noticed a 2-mm crust on the patient's right calf with a 3-cm x 3-cm area of surrounding erythema. No history of recent trauma or bite was obtained. He had suffered two episodes of nonbloody, nonbilious emesis during the last day. In addition, over the previous 12 h, he presented brown urine without dysuria. His mother and brother had suffered from gastroenteritis over the previous week without bloody diarrhea. On initial physical examination, there was a 6-cm x 11-cm macular tender purpuric plaque with a central punctum on the right inner calf, which was warm and tender to the touch, with erythematous streaking towards the popliteal fossa (Fig. 1). The inguinal area was also erythematous with tender lymphadenopathy and induration, but without fluctuance. Laboratory studies included an elevated white blood cell count of 20, 800/microL with 6% bands, 86% segs, and 7% lymphocytes, hemoglobin of 12.5 g/dL, hematocrit of 35.1%, and platelets of 282,000/microL. The prothrombin time/activated partial tissue thromboplastin was 10. 4/28.0 s (normal PT, 9.3-12.3 s; normal PTT, 21.3-33.7 s) and fibrinogen was 558 mg/dL (normal, 192-379 mg/dL). Urinalysis showed 1+ protein, 8-10 white blood cells, too numerous to count red blood cells, and no hemoglobinuria. His electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatine were normal. The urine culture was negative. Blood culture after 24 h showed one out of two bottles of coagulase negative Staphylococcus epidermidis. The patient's physical examination was highly suggestive of a brown recluse spider bite with surrounding purpura. Over the next 2 days, the surrounding rim of erythema expanded. The skin within the plaque cleared and peeled at the periphery. The coagulase negative staphylococci in the blood culture were considered to be a contaminant. Cefotaxime and oxacillin were given intravenously. His leg was elevated and cooled with ice packs. The patient's fever resolved within 24 h. The lesion became less erythematous and nontender with decreased warmth and lymphadenopathy. The child was discharged on Duricef for 10 days. Because the patient experienced hematuria rather than hemoglobinuria, nephritis was suggested. In this case, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis was the most likely cause. His anti-streptolysin-O titer was elevated at 400 U (normal, <200 U) and C3 was 21.4 mg/dL (normal, 83-177 mg/dL). His urine lightened to yellow-brown in color. His blood pressure was normal. Renal ultrasound showed severe left hydronephrosis with cortical atrophy, probably secondary to chronic/congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction. His right kidney was normal.
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PMID:A child with spider bite and glomerulonephritis: a diagnostic challenge. 1080 79

We describe a previously healthy boy who developed intestinal pseudo-obstruction following an episode of gastroenteritis at age 2 years. At presentation, the patient had mildly raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein level, and elevated antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies, antinuclear anti-DNA, and anti-smooth muscle antibodies. His electrogastrography was myopathic with no dominant frequency. First full-thickness intestinal biopsies showed a T lymphocytic myositis, particularly in the circular muscle. Steroid therapy resulted in clinical remission; cessation of steroids, in relapse. Further full-thickness biopsies showed an initial reduction in alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining in circular muscle myocytes and later atrophy and disappearance of many myocytes. Vascular and the remaining enteric smooth muscle cells showed HLA-DR and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 expression. These observations demonstrate the ability of enteric myocytes to take part in an inflammatory response and to change their phenotype, allowing them to act as antigen-presenting cells and to activate T cells. This and possible cytokine production by the myocytes play a role in their own destruction. This process responded to immunosuppressive therapy.
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PMID:Acquired myopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction may be due to autoimmune enteric leiomyositis. 1191 Mar 63

Rotavirus, the major cause of life-threatening infantile gastroenteritis, is a member of the Reoviridae. Although the structures of rotavirus and other members of the Reoviridae have been extensively studied, little is known about the structures of virus-encoded non-structural proteins that are essential for genome replication and packaging. The non-structural protein NSP2 of rotavirus, which exhibits nucleoside triphosphatase, single-stranded RNA binding, and nucleic-acid helix-destabilizing activities, is a major component of viral replicase complexes. We present here the X-ray structure of the functional octamer of NSP2 determined to a resolution of 2.6 A. The NSP2 monomer has two distinct domains. The amino-terminal domain has a new fold. The carboxy-terminal domain resembles the ubiquitous cellular histidine triad (HIT) group of nucleotidyl hydrolases. This structural similarity suggests that the nucleotide-binding site is located inside the cleft between the two domains. Prominent grooves that run diagonally across the doughnut-shaped octamer are probable locations for RNA binding. Several RNA binding sites, resulting from the quaternary organization of NSP2 monomers, may be required for the helix destabilizing activity of NSP2 and its function during genome replication and packaging.
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PMID:Rotavirus protein involved in genome replication and packaging exhibits a HIT-like fold. 1201 8

There are three different neurological complications of measles infections in the brain: acute postinfectious encephalitis, acute progressive infectious encephalitis, and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. The diagnosis of measles encephalitis (ME) is established when supported by the clinical picture, mainly of juvenile onset, and confirmed by the presence of cerebrospinal measles antibodies. Although ME is clinically characterized by progressive behavioral and mental deterioration associated with myoclonus, prior reports have suggested that adult-onset may have atypical features. We describe a 28 year-old immunocompetent man, admitted into the hospital due to a rapid motor and cognitive decline after an episode of fever and gastroenteritis. His neurological examination was significant for cognitive impairment, cervical dystonia, spontaneous and action induced myoclonus, choreiform movements, parkinsonism and ataxic gait. He was diagnosed of acute postinfectious ME based on the presence of elevated intrathecal synthesis of measles antibodies in his CSF, and a lymphocytic infiltrate of perivascular distribution without viral inclusions, with PCR negative for measles from brain biopsy. The patient continued to deteriorate to an akinetic mutism state, dying a few weeks later. Adult-onset ME is an entity rarely seen in the Western world. Although myoclonus is the most common movement disorder related to juvenile-onset ME, ataxia and other dyskinesias such as chorea, dystonia, and parkinsonism, can result from this infection when presenting in adult life.
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PMID:[Movement disorders in adult-onset measles encephalitis]. 1259 Mar 79

Snow Mountain virus (SMV) belongs to the Norovirus genus of the Caliciviridae family. SMV is a genogroup II (GII) reference strain of human enteric caliciviruses associated with epidemic gastroenteritis. In this study, the positive sense RNA genome sequence of SMV was determined to be 7,537 nucleotides in length excluding the 3' polyadenylated tract. The genome is organized into three open reading frames typical of caliciviruses in the Norovirus genus. Pairwise sequence alignments showed SMV ORF1 is highly conserved with other genogroup II noroviruses, and most closely related to GII strains Melksham and Hawaii virus. In addition, comparative sequence analyses indicated that SMV is likely a recombinant norovirus. VP1/VP2 proteins self-assembled into virus-like particles (VLPs) when expressed in insect cells by a recombinant baculovirus. Characterization of one clone that expressed VP1, but failed to assemble into VLPs, identified histidine residue 91 as important for particle assembly under standard conditions of expression.
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PMID:Snow Mountain virus genome sequence and virus-like particle assembly. 1268 Jun 95


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